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This book is about the concept of “Quality of Life”. What is necessary for quality of life, and how can it be measured? The approach is a multicriterial scheme reduction which prevents as much information loss as possible when shifting from the set of partial criteria to their convolution. This book is written for researchers, analysts and graduate and postgraduate students of mathematics and economics.

Quality of life. --- Macroeconomics. --- Economics --- Life, Quality of --- Economic history --- Human ecology --- Life --- Social history --- Basic needs --- Human comfort --- Social accounting --- Work-life balance --- Quality of Life, Measuring of the aggregated latent categories, Principal component analysis, Composite indicators, Multivariate analysis, Multicriterial rating.

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This paper summarizes the methodology of the Worldwide Governance Indicators (WGI) project, and related analytical issues. The WGI cover over 200 countries and territories, measuring six dimensions of governance starting in 1996: Voice and Accountability, Political Stability and Absence of Violence/Terrorism, Government Effectiveness, Regulatory Quality, Rule of Law, and Control of Corruption. The aggregate indicators are based on several hundred individual underlying variables, taken from a wide variety of existing data sources. The data reflect the views on governance of survey respondents and public, private, and NGO sector experts worldwide. The WGI also explicitly report margins of error accompanying each country estimate. These reflect the inherent difficulties in measuring governance using any kind of data. Even after taking these margins of error into account, the WGI permit meaningful cross-country and over-time comparisons. The aggregate indicators, together with the disaggregated underlying source data, are available at www.govindicators.org.

Accountability --- Aggregate indicator --- Aggregate indicators --- Composite indicators --- Corruption --- Corruption perceptions --- Country estimate --- Economic Policy --- Good governance --- Governance --- Governance Indicators --- Government effectiveness --- Institutional quality --- Institutions and Governance --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Measuring governance --- National Governance --- Non governmental organizations --- Political stability --- Public Sector Corruption & Anticorruption Measures --- Public Sector Development --- Public sector management --- Regulatory quality --- Rule of law --- Science and Technology Development --- Statistical & Mathematical Sciences --- Statistical methodology --- Transparency --- Unobserved components model --- Worldwide governance indicators

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Sustainability is a fairly old concept, born in the 18th century in the field of forestry, within a mono-functionality perspective. The concept has considerably evolved in the last few years towards a multi-functionality context, with applications reported in practically all areas of economic interest. On the other hand, modern sustainability is a complex problem, for two reasons: a) The multiplicity of functions of a very different nature involved in the process and b) The manner in which different segments of the society or stakeholders perceive the relative importance of these functions. For the above reasons, a realistic approach for dealing with the sustainability issue requires taking into consideration multiple criteria of different nature (economic, environmental and social), and in many cases within a participatory decision making framework. This book presents a collection of papers, dealing with different theoretical and applied issues of sustainability, with the help of a modern multi-criteria decision-making theory, with a single as well as several stakeholders involved in the decision-making process. Hopefully, this material will encourage academics and practitioners to alter their research in this hot and vital topic. After all, the sustainable management of the environment and its embedded resources is one of the most important, if not the major challenge of the 21st century.

goal programming --- interactive methods --- forest planning --- Green-Tree Retention --- climate and energy policy --- transformation pathways --- low carbon technologies --- decision support --- multi-criteria analysis --- fuzzy PROMETHEE --- supplier evaluation --- supplier segmentation --- multi-attribute utility theory --- preference ranking organisation method for enrichment evaluation --- quality indicator --- food safety --- fresh food --- sustainable supply chain --- multicriteria --- circular economy --- composite indicators --- sustainability --- TOPSIS --- Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) --- carbon neutral --- ISO 14001 --- economic-strategic --- environmental sustainability --- Costa Rica --- criteria --- food and biodegradable waste --- analytic hierarchy process --- benefit–cost analysis --- multi-criteria decision analysis --- waste disposal technology --- anaerobic digestion --- weak sustainability --- strong sustainability --- NAIADE --- rural land use planning --- forestry --- agricultural sustainability --- environmental performance --- sustainability indices --- best-worst method --- irrigated olive groves --- Spain --- CoCoSo method --- Shannon Entropy method --- “Agenda 2030” --- sustainable development goals --- EU countries --- achievement --- assessment --- wind energy --- multi-objective optimization --- weighted goal programming --- progressive bounded constraint --- n/a --- benefit-cost analysis --- "Agenda 2030"

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In 2020, a Special Issue titled “Sustainable Rural Development: Strategies, Good Practices and Opportunities” was launched, in which 16 papers were published. The aim of this monograph was to study a problem that is occurring on a global scale and, above all, in the most developed countries, which is the population emigration from rural areas to urban areas due to the labour and service opportunities offered by the latter. This is causing a demographic deterioration of rural areas, and those that remain show high rates of ageing, masculinisation, or low demographic growth. In addition, and interrelated with this demographic deterioration, there is economic and environmental degradation. Rural areas are territories with increasingly lower purchasing power, job opportunities, and services for the population, which are classified as “spaces in crisis”. The papers in this Special Issue evidence the many public and private strategies that are being pursued to achieve sustainable rural development in declining areas. The diversity of approaches offer a vision of the practical application and the obstacles or difficulties that many of them are having to achieve their objectives. All of these strategies are intended to achieve economic dynamism that is respectful of the environment and from there to be able to reduce the regressive demographic processes in rural areas. These are different approaches that allow us to contribute, from scientific, holistic, and multidisciplinary knowledge, and they can help decision making in public policy and planning strategies.

Humanities --- Social interaction --- Social & cultural anthropology, ethnography --- industrial land --- price --- geographically weighted regression model --- driving factors --- rural land system reform pilot --- land lease market --- decision making --- forest market factors --- rural land rights --- China --- hunting tourism --- natural protected area --- sustainable development --- land use change --- analyze --- Shortandy district --- smart villages --- EU instruments --- rural decline --- rural areas --- information and communication technologies --- rural residential construction --- rainwater harvesting --- solar --- spray foam --- finger-jointed studs --- Proder Program --- management system --- economic diversification --- bottom-up approach --- regional identity --- territorial heritage --- rural areas in decline --- rural enhancement --- top-down approach --- collaborative governance --- low-density populated areas --- sustainable urban growth --- technological era --- complex spatial models --- land-use planning --- sustainable rural development --- regional composite indicators --- vulnerability --- ecosystem services --- goal programming --- analytic hierarchy process --- data envelopment analysis --- Spain --- accessibility --- GIS --- partnerships --- population --- rural territory --- territorial planning --- neo-endogenous rural development --- LEADER approach --- classification and types of rural areas --- good practices --- rural depopulation and aging --- young and female entrepreneurs --- entrepreneurship --- funded and unfunded projects --- Andalusia --- rural landscape --- intensive agriculture --- landscape transformation --- socioeconomic and environmental impacts --- agroecological production --- public institutions --- rurality --- fishing tourism --- European fishing funds --- Galicia (Spain) --- local action group --- rural development --- industrial district --- local productive system --- rural district --- industrial land --- price --- geographically weighted regression model --- driving factors --- rural land system reform pilot --- land lease market --- decision making --- forest market factors --- rural land rights --- China --- hunting tourism --- natural protected area --- sustainable development --- land use change --- analyze --- Shortandy district --- smart villages --- EU instruments --- rural decline --- rural areas --- information and communication technologies --- rural residential construction --- rainwater harvesting --- solar --- spray foam --- finger-jointed studs --- Proder Program --- management system --- economic diversification --- bottom-up approach --- regional identity --- territorial heritage --- rural areas in decline --- rural enhancement --- top-down approach --- collaborative governance --- low-density populated areas --- sustainable urban growth --- technological era --- complex spatial models --- land-use planning --- sustainable rural development --- regional composite indicators --- vulnerability --- ecosystem services --- goal programming --- analytic hierarchy process --- data envelopment analysis --- Spain --- accessibility --- GIS --- partnerships --- population --- rural territory --- territorial planning --- neo-endogenous rural development --- LEADER approach --- classification and types of rural areas --- good practices --- rural depopulation and aging --- young and female entrepreneurs --- entrepreneurship --- funded and unfunded projects --- Andalusia --- rural landscape --- intensive agriculture --- landscape transformation --- socioeconomic and environmental impacts --- agroecological production --- public institutions --- rurality --- fishing tourism --- European fishing funds --- Galicia (Spain) --- local action group --- rural development --- industrial district --- local productive system --- rural district

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In 2020, a Special Issue titled “Sustainable Rural Development: Strategies, Good Practices and Opportunities” was launched, in which 16 papers were published. The aim of this monograph was to study a problem that is occurring on a global scale and, above all, in the most developed countries, which is the population emigration from rural areas to urban areas due to the labour and service opportunities offered by the latter. This is causing a demographic deterioration of rural areas, and those that remain show high rates of ageing, masculinisation, or low demographic growth. In addition, and interrelated with this demographic deterioration, there is economic and environmental degradation. Rural areas are territories with increasingly lower purchasing power, job opportunities, and services for the population, which are classified as “spaces in crisis”. The papers in this Special Issue evidence the many public and private strategies that are being pursued to achieve sustainable rural development in declining areas. The diversity of approaches offer a vision of the practical application and the obstacles or difficulties that many of them are having to achieve their objectives. All of these strategies are intended to achieve economic dynamism that is respectful of the environment and from there to be able to reduce the regressive demographic processes in rural areas. These are different approaches that allow us to contribute, from scientific, holistic, and multidisciplinary knowledge, and they can help decision making in public policy and planning strategies.

industrial land --- price --- geographically weighted regression model --- driving factors --- rural land system reform pilot --- land lease market --- decision making --- forest market factors --- rural land rights --- China --- hunting tourism --- natural protected area --- sustainable development --- land use change --- analyze --- Shortandy district --- smart villages --- EU instruments --- rural decline --- rural areas --- information and communication technologies --- rural residential construction --- rainwater harvesting --- solar --- spray foam --- finger-jointed studs --- Proder Program --- management system --- economic diversification --- bottom-up approach --- regional identity --- territorial heritage --- rural areas in decline --- rural enhancement --- top-down approach --- collaborative governance --- low-density populated areas --- sustainable urban growth --- technological era --- complex spatial models --- land-use planning --- sustainable rural development --- regional composite indicators --- vulnerability --- ecosystem services --- goal programming --- analytic hierarchy process --- data envelopment analysis --- Spain --- accessibility --- GIS --- partnerships --- population --- rural territory --- territorial planning --- neo-endogenous rural development --- LEADER approach --- classification and types of rural areas --- good practices --- rural depopulation and aging --- young and female entrepreneurs --- entrepreneurship --- funded and unfunded projects --- Andalusia --- rural landscape --- intensive agriculture --- landscape transformation --- socioeconomic and environmental impacts --- agroecological production --- public institutions --- rurality --- fishing tourism --- European fishing funds --- Galicia (Spain) --- local action group --- rural development --- industrial district --- local productive system --- rural district --- n/a