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This book investigates the long-term continuity of large-scale states and empires, and its effect on the Near East’s social fabric, including the fundamental changes that occurred to major social institutions. Its geographical coverage spans, from east to west, modern-day Libya and Egypt to Central Asia, and from north to south, Anatolia to southern Arabia, incorporating modern-day Oman and Yemen. Its temporal coverage spans from the late eighth century BCE to the seventh century CE during the rise of Islam and collapse of the Sasanian Empire. The authors argue that the persistence of large states and empires starting in the eighth/seventh centuries BCE, which continued for many centuries, led to new socio-political structures and institutions emerging in the Near East. The primary processes that enabled this emergence were large-scale and long-distance movements, or population migrations. These patterns of social developments are analysed under different aspects: settlement patterns, urban structure, material culture, trade, governance, language spread and religion, all pointing at movement as the main catalyst for social change. This book’s argument is framed within a larger theoretical framework termed as ‘universalism’, a theory that explains many of the social transformations that happened to societies in the Near East, starting from the Neo-Assyrian period and continuing for centuries. Among other influences, the effects of these transformations are today manifested in modern languages, concepts of government, universal religions and monetized and globalized economies.

empire --- state --- near east --- universalism --- Achaemenid Empire --- Bronze Age --- Common Era

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This volume is intended to be the first in a series that will focus on the origin of scriptand the boundaries of non-scribal communication media in proto-literate and literatesocieties. Over the last 30 years, the domain of scribes and bureaucrats has become muchbetter known. Our goal now is to reach below the élite and scribal levels to interface withnon-scribal operations conducted by people of the «middling» sort. Who made thesemarks and to what purpose? Did they serve private or (semi-) official roles in BronzeAge Aegean society? The comparative study of such practices in the contemporary East(Cyprus, Anatolia, the Levant, and Egypt) can shed light on sub-elite activities in theAegean and also provide evidence for cultural and economic exchange networks

Script --- non-scribal communication --- media --- bronze age --- Clay --- Common Era --- Crete --- Cylinder seal --- Cypro-Minoan syllabary --- Minoan civilization

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"Interest in world history has never been greater—both among historians and the reading public. Globalization has coaxed historians out of their fixation on all things national, which has characterized historical research since the nineteenth century. But with this new global field of research has come new methodological problems. It is high time that these problems were tackled, if only to develop methods to ensure that world-historical research strives for the same high quality and standards as any other field of historical study. This book addresses all these problems in detail, with a particular emphasis on solutions. The contributors discuss how the progress made in the sciences, which offer unique access to new types of source material, can best be used by the historians of global processes. These are sources that demand an awareness of both their advantages and their drawbacks. The same is true of the secondary sources, which are the basis of most world-historical overviews and syntheses. Primary and secondary sources alike require shrewd handling in a way not seen before. Similarly, the calculations and comparisons essential to world history must be harmonized, and historians have to acknowledge that the information they are working from is often of variable quality and detail. Linguistic and cultural differences must also be analysed systematically whenever historians seek the recurring traits in human history, much as they must be alert to the strong ideological interests that all too often distort scholarly results.Solutions to these and the other methodological problems are hammered out in this book. Whether researchers, students, or interested readers, anyone keen to sharpen their critical thinking about world history will find there is much to take away from this book. Intresset för världshistoria är större än på länge – både bland den läsande allmänheten och bland historiker. Globaliseringen har bidragit till att historikerna kommit ut ur den fixering vid det nationella som kännetecknat deras forskning ända sedan 1800-­‐talet. Men med den nya globala arenan för forskning följer också nya metodproblem. Det är hög tid att de världshistoriskt orienterade forskarna tar sig an de här problemen och utvecklar metoder, så att de kan arbeta med lika höga kvalitetskrav som annan historieforskning. I den här boken adresseras utförligt en serie sådana problem, och författarna ger förslag på hur de ska lösas. Här diskuteras hur den naturvetenskapliga forskningens framsteg kan utnyttjas för den som vill studera övergripande globala processer med vår tids unikt stora tillgång till helt nya typer av källmaterial. Det kräver en medvetenhet hos historikerna både om de här källornas förtjänster och om deras fällor. Detsamma gäller användningen sekundärlitteratur, som en stor del av de världshistoriska översikterna och synteserna baseras på. Här krävs källkritisk skärpa av ett nytt slag. Här krävs också att de ekonomiska och andra beräkningar och jämförelser som måste till inom världshistorisk forskning harmonieras och att forskarna tar höjd för att den information de bygger på ofta är av olika kvalitet och upplösning. Språkliga och kulturella skillnader måste också analyseras systematiskt när forskarna söker de återkommande dragen i den mänskliga historien. Dessutom måste världshistorikerna ständigt vara uppmärksamma på de starka ideologiska intressen som allt för ofta tenderar att förvrida de vetenskapliga resultaten.Detta och en hel del andra metodproblem diskuteras i den här boken, där det finns mycket att hämta både för forskaren och för studenten, liksom för den historieintresserade läsare som vill skärpa sitt kritiska förhållningssätt till världshistorisk forskning."

World history. --- History --- HISTORY --- Methodology. --- World. --- Universal history --- archaeological data resolution --- law comparison --- climate history --- agricultural history --- source criticism --- economics/international comparisons --- China --- Common Era --- Sweden --- Tea

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This book investigates the long-term continuity of large-scale states and empires, and its effect on the Near East’s social fabric, including the fundamental changes that occurred to major social institutions. Its geographical coverage spans, from east to west, modern-day Libya and Egypt to Central Asia, and from north to south, Anatolia to southern Arabia, incorporating modern-day Oman and Yemen. Its temporal coverage spans from the late eighth century BCE to the seventh century CE during the rise of Islam and collapse of the Sasanian Empire. The authors argue that the persistence of large states and empires starting in the eighth/seventh centuries BCE, which continued for many centuries, led to new socio-political structures and institutions emerging in the Near East. The primary processes that enabled this emergence were large-scale and long-distance movements, or population migrations. These patterns of social developments are analysed under different aspects: settlement patterns, urban structure, material culture, trade, governance, language spread and religion, all pointing at movement as the main catalyst for social change. This book’s argument is framed within a larger theoretical framework termed as ‘universalism’, a theory that explains many of the social transformations that happened to societies in the Near East, starting from the Neo-Assyrian period and continuing for centuries. Among other influences, the effects of these transformations are today manifested in modern languages, concepts of government, universal religions and monetized and globalized economies.

History --- Archaeology by period / region --- Middle & Near Eastern archaeology --- General & world history --- Regional & national history --- Asian history --- Middle Eastern history --- History: earliest times to present day --- Ancient history: to c 500 CE --- Early history: c 500 to c 1450/1500 --- Archaeology --- empire --- state --- near east --- universalism --- Achaemenid Empire --- Bronze Age --- Common Era

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This book investigates the long-term continuity of large-scale states and empires, and its effect on the Near East’s social fabric, including the fundamental changes that occurred to major social institutions. Its geographical coverage spans, from east to west, modern-day Libya and Egypt to Central Asia, and from north to south, Anatolia to southern Arabia, incorporating modern-day Oman and Yemen. Its temporal coverage spans from the late eighth century BCE to the seventh century CE during the rise of Islam and collapse of the Sasanian Empire. The authors argue that the persistence of large states and empires starting in the eighth/seventh centuries BCE, which continued for many centuries, led to new socio-political structures and institutions emerging in the Near East. The primary processes that enabled this emergence were large-scale and long-distance movements, or population migrations. These patterns of social developments are analysed under different aspects: settlement patterns, urban structure, material culture, trade, governance, language spread and religion, all pointing at movement as the main catalyst for social change. This book’s argument is framed within a larger theoretical framework termed as ‘universalism’, a theory that explains many of the social transformations that happened to societies in the Near East, starting from the Neo-Assyrian period and continuing for centuries. Among other influences, the effects of these transformations are today manifested in modern languages, concepts of government, universal religions and monetized and globalized economies.

History --- Archaeology by period / region --- Middle & Near Eastern archaeology --- General & world history --- Regional & national history --- Asian history --- Middle Eastern history --- History: earliest times to present day --- Ancient history: to c 500 CE --- Early history: c 500 to c 1450/1500 --- Archaeology --- empire --- state --- near east --- universalism --- Achaemenid Empire --- Bronze Age --- Common Era