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Rat pups become immobile and analgesic when exposed to an adult male rat. The aim of this study was to determine whether these reactions are under the control of endogenous opioids and to determine the role of the midbrain periaqueductal gray (PAG), which mediates stress-induced immobility and analgesia in adult animals. In Experiment 1, 14-day-old rats were injected systemically with the general opioid receptor antagonist naltrexone (1 mg/kg), which blocked male-induced analgesia to thermal stimulation but did not affect immobility. In Experiment 2, the selective mu opioid receptor antagonist D-Phe-Cys-Tyr-D-Trp-Orn-Thr-Pen-Thr-NH2 (CTOP; 50 or 100 ng/200 nl) was microinjected into the ventrolateral and lateral PAG. CTOP suppressed male-induced analgesia when injected into the ventrolateral PAG. Male-induced immobility was not affected by CTOP. Male proximity therefore seems to induce analgesia in rat pups by releasing endogenous opioids that bind to mu opioid receptors in the ventrolateral PAG
Adult. --- Analgesia. --- Animal. --- Animals. --- Behavioral-inhibition. --- Beta-endorphin. --- Columnar organization. --- Conditional hypoalgesia. --- Control. --- Endogenous. --- Endorphin-like immunoreactivity. --- Experiment. --- Immobility. --- Intrathecal injection. --- Male rat. --- Male. --- Midbrain periaqueductal gray. --- Midbrain. --- Morphine-induced analgesia. --- Naltrexone. --- Neurons in-vitro. --- Opioid receptors. --- Opioid. --- Opioids. --- Periaqueductal gray. --- Preweanling rats. --- Proximity. --- Pups. --- Rat. --- Rats. --- Receptor antagonist. --- Receptor. --- Receptors. --- Rostral ventromedial medulla. --- Stimulation. --- Stress-induced analgesia. --- Thermal.
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In this book we have collected a series of state-of-the art papers written by specialists in the field of ionic liquid crystals (ILCs) to address key questions concerning the synthesis, properties, and applications of ILCs. New compounds exhibiting ionic liquid crystalline phases are presented, both of calamitic as well as discotic type. Their dynamic and structural properties have been investigated with a series of experimental techniques including differential scanning calorimetry, polarized optical spectroscopy, X-ray scattering, and nuclear magnetic resonance, impedance spectroscopy to mention but a few. Moreover, computer simulations using both fully atomistic and highly coarse-grained force fields have been presented, offering an invaluable microscopic view of the structure and dynamics of these fascinating materials.
photoconductivity --- n/a --- thermotropic --- X-ray diffraction --- mesophases --- crystal polymorphs --- columnar --- viologens --- alignment layer --- crown ether --- imidazolium --- electron transport --- metathesis reaction --- polarizing optical microscopy --- liquid crystals --- Ag nano-particles doping --- discotic --- molecular orientational order --- thermogravimetric analysis --- ion transport --- molecular dynamics --- nuclear magnetic resonance --- smectic phase A --- ion channels --- ionic liquid --- ionic liquid crystal --- phase behavior --- impedance spectroscopy --- residual DC --- differential scanning calorimetry --- 4-n-alkylbenzenesulfonic acids --- ionic liquid crystals --- ionic liquids --- thiazolium --- liquid crystal --- salt effect
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Plastic anisotropy is a common property of many metallic materials. This property affects the analysis and design of structures and metal forming processes. The present edited collection of papers concerns analytic and numerical methods of structural and metal forming analysis and design using material models for anisotropic materials. Some qualitative features of rigid plastic solutions in anisotropic plasticity are investigated. Both rate-independent and rate-dependent constitutive equations are considered. The effect of plastic anisotropy on the distribution of residual stresses and strains is shown. Some papers deal with thermo-mechanical problems.
fractional viscoplasticity --- rate dependence --- plastic anisotropy --- non-normality --- directional viscosity --- explicit/implicit non-locality. --- hydro-mechanical deep drawing (HDD) --- mechanical property --- type of cooling --- microstructure --- rotating disk --- plane stress --- residual stresses and strains --- flow theory of plasticity --- semi-analytic solution --- anisotropic columnar jointed rock --- numerical model --- centroidal Voronoi diagram --- coefficient of variation --- polar orthotropy --- Hill’s yield criterion --- friction regimes --- singularity --- residual stress --- residual strain --- open-ended cylinder --- autofrettage --- orthotropic plasticity --- temperature-dependent material properties --- composite cylinder --- finite element analysis
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The United Kingdom has a proud history of liquid crystal research. Its contributions span from the formulation of the theory of nematic elasticity as it is used today, uncovered via the Leslie–Erickson theory describing the viscosity of mesophases, to the discovery of the first room-temperature nematic and the related developments in the display industry, to name just several pioneering contributions. Today, liquid crystal science in the UK is more diverse and multidisciplinary than ever, ranging from the synthesis of increasingly complex mesogenic molecules, via the physical properties of self-organised systems and composites of both the thermotropic and the lyotropic type, to a wide variety of applications outside of the traditional display sector. The field covers aspects of chemistry, physics, material sciences, chemical engineering, mathematics, biology and device engineering in an overarching effort to advance the fundamental understanding of these soft-matter materials and to promote their technological exploitation in the UK and worldwide. To this end, a large group of individuals and research groups from universities and industry in the UK are working together on a Special Issue to advance the development of this field. The achievements of these scholars can be found in publications in top-class journals and presentations at all large international conferences, in the development of new products, and in events for public engagement.
Technology: general issues --- History of engineering & technology --- Materials science --- liquid crystal --- soliton --- toron --- skyrmion --- nematic --- cholesteric --- smectic --- micro-cargo transport --- dissipative dynamics --- twist-bend phase --- liquid crystals --- molecular simulation --- molecular dynamics --- dissipative particle dynamics --- ferroelectric materials --- smectic liquid crystals --- electrocaloric effect --- ferroelectric --- birefringence --- dielectrics --- chirality --- polymer --- cholesterol --- block copolymer --- self-assembly --- polymerisation-induced self-assembly --- Hartshorne --- Bouligand --- optical textures --- developable domains --- columnar hexagonal phases --- liquid crystal dimers --- intercalated --- interdigitated --- twist-bend nematic --- twist-bend smectic --- resonant soft X-ray scattering --- topological defects --- nematic liquid crystals --- gratings --- defect dynamics --- bistability --- LCD --- ZBD --- direct laser writing --- diffraction gratings --- stretchability --- n/a
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Plastic anisotropy is a common property of many metallic materials. This property affects the analysis and design of structures and metal forming processes. The present edited collection of papers concerns analytic and numerical methods of structural and metal forming analysis and design using material models for anisotropic materials. Some qualitative features of rigid plastic solutions in anisotropic plasticity are investigated. Both rate-independent and rate-dependent constitutive equations are considered. The effect of plastic anisotropy on the distribution of residual stresses and strains is shown. Some papers deal with thermo-mechanical problems.
History of engineering & technology --- fractional viscoplasticity --- rate dependence --- plastic anisotropy --- non-normality --- directional viscosity --- explicit/implicit non-locality. --- hydro-mechanical deep drawing (HDD) --- mechanical property --- type of cooling --- microstructure --- rotating disk --- plane stress --- residual stresses and strains --- flow theory of plasticity --- semi-analytic solution --- anisotropic columnar jointed rock --- numerical model --- centroidal Voronoi diagram --- coefficient of variation --- polar orthotropy --- Hill’s yield criterion --- friction regimes --- singularity --- residual stress --- residual strain --- open-ended cylinder --- autofrettage --- orthotropic plasticity --- temperature-dependent material properties --- composite cylinder --- finite element analysis
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Plastic anisotropy is a common property of many metallic materials. This property affects the analysis and design of structures and metal forming processes. The present edited collection of papers concerns analytic and numerical methods of structural and metal forming analysis and design using material models for anisotropic materials. Some qualitative features of rigid plastic solutions in anisotropic plasticity are investigated. Both rate-independent and rate-dependent constitutive equations are considered. The effect of plastic anisotropy on the distribution of residual stresses and strains is shown. Some papers deal with thermo-mechanical problems.
History of engineering & technology --- fractional viscoplasticity --- rate dependence --- plastic anisotropy --- non-normality --- directional viscosity --- explicit/implicit non-locality. --- hydro-mechanical deep drawing (HDD) --- mechanical property --- type of cooling --- microstructure --- rotating disk --- plane stress --- residual stresses and strains --- flow theory of plasticity --- semi-analytic solution --- anisotropic columnar jointed rock --- numerical model --- centroidal Voronoi diagram --- coefficient of variation --- polar orthotropy --- Hill’s yield criterion --- friction regimes --- singularity --- residual stress --- residual strain --- open-ended cylinder --- autofrettage --- orthotropic plasticity --- temperature-dependent material properties --- composite cylinder --- finite element analysis --- fractional viscoplasticity --- rate dependence --- plastic anisotropy --- non-normality --- directional viscosity --- explicit/implicit non-locality. --- hydro-mechanical deep drawing (HDD) --- mechanical property --- type of cooling --- microstructure --- rotating disk --- plane stress --- residual stresses and strains --- flow theory of plasticity --- semi-analytic solution --- anisotropic columnar jointed rock --- numerical model --- centroidal Voronoi diagram --- coefficient of variation --- polar orthotropy --- Hill’s yield criterion --- friction regimes --- singularity --- residual stress --- residual strain --- open-ended cylinder --- autofrettage --- orthotropic plasticity --- temperature-dependent material properties --- composite cylinder --- finite element analysis
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This book consists of original and review papers which describe basic and applied studies for the modifications of metallic and inorganic materials by using energetic ion/electron beams. When materials are irradiated with energetic charged particles (ions /electrons), their energies are transferred to electrons and atoms in materials, and the lattice structures of the materials are largely changed to metastable or non-thermal-equilibrium states, modifying several physical properties. Such phenomena will engage the interest of researchers as a basic science, and can also be used as promising tools for adding new functionalities to existing materials and for the development of novel materials. The papers in this book cover the ion/electron-beam-induced modifications of several properties (optical, electronic, magnetic, mechanical, and chemical properties) and lattice structures. This book will, therefore, be useful for many scientists and engineers who have been involved in fundamental material science and the industrial applications of metallic and inorganic materials.
Research & information: general --- swift heavy ion --- YAG (Y3Al5O12) --- refractive index profiling --- synergy effect --- optical waveguide --- hillocks --- ion tracks --- ion irradiation --- TEM --- vanadium alloy --- irradiation hardening --- radiation damage --- electron irradiation --- metal surface --- sputtering --- groove --- hole --- self-organization --- pattern --- laser photocathode --- pulsed electron sources --- pulsed transmission electron microscope --- ion beam --- copper oxide --- chromatic change --- photoemission spectrum --- beam viewer --- light water reactor --- zirconium alloys --- nuclear fuel cladding --- thermal desorption spectroscopy --- transmission electron microscopy --- high energy irradiation --- ion track overlapping --- oxides --- Monte Carlo simulation for two-dimensional images --- lattice structures and magnetic states --- binomial and Poisson distribution functions --- ion accelerators at WERC --- irradiation effects on space electronics --- single event --- total ionization dose --- displacement damage --- solar cell --- space application --- irradiation test --- beam condition --- degradation --- standardization --- ISO --- high-Tc superconductors --- critical current density --- flux pinning --- heavy-ion irradiation --- columnar defects --- anisotropy --- superconductor --- irradiation --- critical current --- cerium oxide --- CeO2 --- swift heavy ions --- phase transition --- partially stabilized zirconia --- XRD --- radiation simulation --- ion-track etching --- electrodeposition --- micro/nano-sized metal cones --- template synthesis --- electrocatalyst --- excited reaction field --- transmission electron microscope --- nanomaterials --- manipulation --- nanostructure --- Al --- Al2O3 --- accelerator-driven system (ADS) --- liquid metal corrosion (LMC) --- lead-bismuth eutectic (LBE) --- self-ion irradiation --- oxygen concentration in LBE --- irradiation effect on corrosion behavior --- electronic excitation --- lattice disordering --- electron-lattice coupling --- nanopore structure --- ceria --- molecular dynamics --- simulation --- structural analysis --- defects --- swift heavy ion --- YAG (Y3Al5O12) --- refractive index profiling --- synergy effect --- optical waveguide --- hillocks --- ion tracks --- ion irradiation --- TEM --- vanadium alloy --- irradiation hardening --- radiation damage --- electron irradiation --- metal surface --- sputtering --- groove --- hole --- self-organization --- pattern --- laser photocathode --- pulsed electron sources --- pulsed transmission electron microscope --- ion beam --- copper oxide --- chromatic change --- photoemission spectrum --- beam viewer --- light water reactor --- zirconium alloys --- nuclear fuel cladding --- thermal desorption spectroscopy --- transmission electron microscopy --- high energy irradiation --- ion track overlapping --- oxides --- Monte Carlo simulation for two-dimensional images --- lattice structures and magnetic states --- binomial and Poisson distribution functions --- ion accelerators at WERC --- irradiation effects on space electronics --- single event --- total ionization dose --- displacement damage --- solar cell --- space application --- irradiation test --- beam condition --- degradation --- standardization --- ISO --- high-Tc superconductors --- critical current density --- flux pinning --- heavy-ion irradiation --- columnar defects --- anisotropy --- superconductor --- irradiation --- critical current --- cerium oxide --- CeO2 --- swift heavy ions --- phase transition --- partially stabilized zirconia --- XRD --- radiation simulation --- ion-track etching --- electrodeposition --- micro/nano-sized metal cones --- template synthesis --- electrocatalyst --- excited reaction field --- transmission electron microscope --- nanomaterials --- manipulation --- nanostructure --- Al --- Al2O3 --- accelerator-driven system (ADS) --- liquid metal corrosion (LMC) --- lead-bismuth eutectic (LBE) --- self-ion irradiation --- oxygen concentration in LBE --- irradiation effect on corrosion behavior --- electronic excitation --- lattice disordering --- electron-lattice coupling --- nanopore structure --- ceria --- molecular dynamics --- simulation --- structural analysis --- defects
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General embryology. Developmental biology --- Epithelial cells. --- Cell culture. --- Epithelium --- Cells, Cultured. --- Cell Differentiation. --- Cultures and culture media. --- cytology. --- Epithelial Cells. --- Epithelial cells --- -57.086.83 --- 611.018.7 --- Tissues --- Cilia and ciliary motion --- Cells --- Exfoliative cytology --- Adenomatous Epithelial Cells --- Columnar Glandular Epithelial Cells --- Cuboidal Glandular Epithelial Cells --- Glandular Epithelial Cells --- Squamous Cells --- Squamous Epithelial Cells --- Transitional Epithelial Cells --- Adenomatous Epithelial Cell --- Cell, Adenomatous Epithelial --- Cell, Epithelial --- Cell, Glandular Epithelial --- Cell, Squamous --- Cell, Squamous Epithelial --- Cell, Transitional Epithelial --- Cells, Adenomatous Epithelial --- Cells, Epithelial --- Cells, Glandular Epithelial --- Cells, Squamous --- Cells, Squamous Epithelial --- Cells, Transitional Epithelial --- Epithelial Cell --- Epithelial Cell, Adenomatous --- Epithelial Cell, Glandular --- Epithelial Cell, Squamous --- Epithelial Cell, Transitional --- Epithelial Cells, Adenomatous --- Epithelial Cells, Glandular --- Epithelial Cells, Squamous --- Epithelial Cells, Transitional --- Glandular Epithelial Cell --- Squamous Cell --- Squamous Epithelial Cell --- Transitional Epithelial Cell --- Cultured Cells --- Cell, Cultured --- Cultured Cell --- Organ Culture Techniques --- Coculture Techniques --- Cell Culture Techniques --- Culture Techniques --- Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells --- Differentiation, Cell --- Cell Differentiations --- Differentiations, Cell --- Embryo, Mammalian --- Gene Expression Regulation --- Cell Lineage --- Cultures and culture media --- Methods and equipment for the cultivation of cells and tissues --- Epithelium. Epithelial tissue --- cytology --- 57.086.83 Methods and equipment for the cultivation of cells and tissues --- Cell culture --- Cell Differentiation --- Cells, Cultured --- Epithelial Cells --- 57.086.83 --- Cultures (Biology) --- Cytology --- Technique --- Epithelium - Cultures and culture media. --- Epithelium - cytology.
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Epithelium --- Epithelial cells --- Tissue culture --- Cells, Cultured --- cytology --- physiology --- Cell culture. --- Epithelial cells. --- Epithelium. --- Tissue culture. --- Cells, Cultured. --- Cells --- EPITHELIUM --- cytology. --- physiology. --- cultured --- Epithelial Cells. --- Cultured Cells --- Cell, Cultured --- Cultured Cell --- Organ Culture Techniques --- Coculture Techniques --- Cell Culture Techniques --- Culture Techniques --- Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells --- Adenomatous Epithelial Cells --- Columnar Glandular Epithelial Cells --- Cuboidal Glandular Epithelial Cells --- Glandular Epithelial Cells --- Squamous Cells --- Squamous Epithelial Cells --- Transitional Epithelial Cells --- Adenomatous Epithelial Cell --- Cell, Adenomatous Epithelial --- Cell, Epithelial --- Cell, Glandular Epithelial --- Cell, Squamous --- Cell, Squamous Epithelial --- Cell, Transitional Epithelial --- Cells, Adenomatous Epithelial --- Cells, Epithelial --- Cells, Glandular Epithelial --- Cells, Squamous --- Cells, Squamous Epithelial --- Cells, Transitional Epithelial --- Epithelial Cell --- Epithelial Cell, Adenomatous --- Epithelial Cell, Glandular --- Epithelial Cell, Squamous --- Epithelial Cell, Transitional --- Epithelial Cells, Adenomatous --- Epithelial Cells, Glandular --- Epithelial Cells, Squamous --- Epithelial Cells, Transitional --- Glandular Epithelial Cell --- Squamous Cell --- Squamous Epithelial Cell --- Transitional Epithelial Cell --- cultured. --- Cells, cultured. --- Cultured. --- Cytology. --- Physiology. --- Cell culture --- Epithelial Cells --- Tissues --- Cultures (Biology) --- Organ culture --- Cilia and ciliary motion --- Exfoliative cytology --- Cytology --- Cultures and culture media --- Technique --- Epithelium - cytology
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Cells, Cultured. --- Epithelial Cells. --- Fibroblasts --- Neoplasms. --- Cancer cells --- Cells --- Pathology, Cellular --- Benign Neoplasms --- Neoplasia --- Neoplasm --- Neoplasms, Benign --- Cancer --- Tumors --- Benign Neoplasm --- Cancers --- Neoplasm, Benign --- Tumor --- Medical Oncology --- Adenomatous Epithelial Cells --- Columnar Glandular Epithelial Cells --- Cuboidal Glandular Epithelial Cells --- Glandular Epithelial Cells --- Squamous Cells --- Squamous Epithelial Cells --- Transitional Epithelial Cells --- Adenomatous Epithelial Cell --- Cell, Adenomatous Epithelial --- Cell, Epithelial --- Cell, Glandular Epithelial --- Cell, Squamous --- Cell, Squamous Epithelial --- Cell, Transitional Epithelial --- Cells, Adenomatous Epithelial --- Cells, Epithelial --- Cells, Glandular Epithelial --- Cells, Squamous --- Cells, Squamous Epithelial --- Cells, Transitional Epithelial --- Epithelial Cell --- Epithelial Cell, Adenomatous --- Epithelial Cell, Glandular --- Epithelial Cell, Squamous --- Epithelial Cell, Transitional --- Epithelial Cells, Adenomatous --- Epithelial Cells, Glandular --- Epithelial Cells, Squamous --- Epithelial Cells, Transitional --- Glandular Epithelial Cell --- Squamous Cell --- Squamous Epithelial Cell --- Transitional Epithelial Cell --- Epithelium --- Cultured Cells --- Cell, Cultured --- Cultured Cell --- Organ Culture Techniques --- Coculture Techniques --- Cell Culture Techniques --- Culture Techniques --- Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells --- cytology. --- cytology --- Cancer cells. --- Cell culture. --- Cytology. --- Malignancy --- Malignancies --- Neoplasias --- Cell culture --- Cells, Cultured --- Epithelial Cells --- Neoplasms --- Cultures (Biology) --- Cytology --- Malignant Neoplasms --- Malignant Neoplasm --- Neoplasm, Malignant --- Neoplasms, Malignant --- Technique
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