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Rat pups become immobile and analgesic when exposed to an adult male rat. The aim of this study was to determine whether these reactions are under the control of endogenous opioids and to determine the role of the midbrain periaqueductal gray (PAG), which mediates stress-induced immobility and analgesia in adult animals. In Experiment 1, 14-day-old rats were injected systemically with the general opioid receptor antagonist naltrexone (1 mg/kg), which blocked male-induced analgesia to thermal stimulation but did not affect immobility. In Experiment 2, the selective mu opioid receptor antagonist D-Phe-Cys-Tyr-D-Trp-Orn-Thr-Pen-Thr-NH2 (CTOP; 50 or 100 ng/200 nl) was microinjected into the ventrolateral and lateral PAG. CTOP suppressed male-induced analgesia when injected into the ventrolateral PAG. Male-induced immobility was not affected by CTOP. Male proximity therefore seems to induce analgesia in rat pups by releasing endogenous opioids that bind to mu opioid receptors in the ventrolateral PAG

Adult. --- Analgesia. --- Animal. --- Animals. --- Behavioral-inhibition. --- Beta-endorphin. --- Columnar organization. --- Conditional hypoalgesia. --- Control. --- Endogenous. --- Endorphin-like immunoreactivity. --- Experiment. --- Immobility. --- Intrathecal injection. --- Male rat. --- Male. --- Midbrain periaqueductal gray. --- Midbrain. --- Morphine-induced analgesia. --- Naltrexone. --- Neurons in-vitro. --- Opioid receptors. --- Opioid. --- Opioids. --- Periaqueductal gray. --- Preweanling rats. --- Proximity. --- Pups. --- Rat. --- Rats. --- Receptor antagonist. --- Receptor. --- Receptors. --- Rostral ventromedial medulla. --- Stimulation. --- Stress-induced analgesia. --- Thermal.

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Plastic anisotropy is a common property of many metallic materials. This property affects the analysis and design of structures and metal forming processes. The present edited collection of papers concerns analytic and numerical methods of structural and metal forming analysis and design using material models for anisotropic materials. Some qualitative features of rigid plastic solutions in anisotropic plasticity are investigated. Both rate-independent and rate-dependent constitutive equations are considered. The effect of plastic anisotropy on the distribution of residual stresses and strains is shown. Some papers deal with thermo-mechanical problems.

fractional viscoplasticity --- rate dependence --- plastic anisotropy --- non-normality --- directional viscosity --- explicit/implicit non-locality. --- hydro-mechanical deep drawing (HDD) --- mechanical property --- type of cooling --- microstructure --- rotating disk --- plane stress --- residual stresses and strains --- flow theory of plasticity --- semi-analytic solution --- anisotropic columnar jointed rock --- numerical model --- centroidal Voronoi diagram --- coefficient of variation --- polar orthotropy --- Hill’s yield criterion --- friction regimes --- singularity --- residual stress --- residual strain --- open-ended cylinder --- autofrettage --- orthotropic plasticity --- temperature-dependent material properties --- composite cylinder --- finite element analysis

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Plastic anisotropy is a common property of many metallic materials. This property affects the analysis and design of structures and metal forming processes. The present edited collection of papers concerns analytic and numerical methods of structural and metal forming analysis and design using material models for anisotropic materials. Some qualitative features of rigid plastic solutions in anisotropic plasticity are investigated. Both rate-independent and rate-dependent constitutive equations are considered. The effect of plastic anisotropy on the distribution of residual stresses and strains is shown. Some papers deal with thermo-mechanical problems.

History of engineering & technology --- fractional viscoplasticity --- rate dependence --- plastic anisotropy --- non-normality --- directional viscosity --- explicit/implicit non-locality. --- hydro-mechanical deep drawing (HDD) --- mechanical property --- type of cooling --- microstructure --- rotating disk --- plane stress --- residual stresses and strains --- flow theory of plasticity --- semi-analytic solution --- anisotropic columnar jointed rock --- numerical model --- centroidal Voronoi diagram --- coefficient of variation --- polar orthotropy --- Hill’s yield criterion --- friction regimes --- singularity --- residual stress --- residual strain --- open-ended cylinder --- autofrettage --- orthotropic plasticity --- temperature-dependent material properties --- composite cylinder --- finite element analysis

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This book consists of original and review papers which describe basic and applied studies for the modifications of metallic and inorganic materials by using energetic ion/electron beams. When materials are irradiated with energetic charged particles (ions /electrons), their energies are transferred to electrons and atoms in materials, and the lattice structures of the materials are largely changed to metastable or non-thermal-equilibrium states, modifying several physical properties. Such phenomena will engage the interest of researchers as a basic science, and can also be used as promising tools for adding new functionalities to existing materials and for the development of novel materials. The papers in this book cover the ion/electron-beam-induced modifications of several properties (optical, electronic, magnetic, mechanical, and chemical properties) and lattice structures. This book will, therefore, be useful for many scientists and engineers who have been involved in fundamental material science and the industrial applications of metallic and inorganic materials.

Research & information: general --- swift heavy ion --- YAG (Y3Al5O12) --- refractive index profiling --- synergy effect --- optical waveguide --- hillocks --- ion tracks --- ion irradiation --- TEM --- vanadium alloy --- irradiation hardening --- radiation damage --- electron irradiation --- metal surface --- sputtering --- groove --- hole --- self-organization --- pattern --- laser photocathode --- pulsed electron sources --- pulsed transmission electron microscope --- ion beam --- copper oxide --- chromatic change --- photoemission spectrum --- beam viewer --- light water reactor --- zirconium alloys --- nuclear fuel cladding --- thermal desorption spectroscopy --- transmission electron microscopy --- high energy irradiation --- ion track overlapping --- oxides --- Monte Carlo simulation for two-dimensional images --- lattice structures and magnetic states --- binomial and Poisson distribution functions --- ion accelerators at WERC --- irradiation effects on space electronics --- single event --- total ionization dose --- displacement damage --- solar cell --- space application --- irradiation test --- beam condition --- degradation --- standardization --- ISO --- high-Tc superconductors --- critical current density --- flux pinning --- heavy-ion irradiation --- columnar defects --- anisotropy --- superconductor --- irradiation --- critical current --- cerium oxide --- CeO2 --- swift heavy ions --- phase transition --- partially stabilized zirconia --- XRD --- radiation simulation --- ion-track etching --- electrodeposition --- micro/nano-sized metal cones --- template synthesis --- electrocatalyst --- excited reaction field --- transmission electron microscope --- nanomaterials --- manipulation --- nanostructure --- Al --- Al2O3 --- accelerator-driven system (ADS) --- liquid metal corrosion (LMC) --- lead-bismuth eutectic (LBE) --- self-ion irradiation --- oxygen concentration in LBE --- irradiation effect on corrosion behavior --- electronic excitation --- lattice disordering --- electron-lattice coupling --- nanopore structure --- ceria --- molecular dynamics --- simulation --- structural analysis --- defects --- swift heavy ion --- YAG (Y3Al5O12) --- refractive index profiling --- synergy effect --- optical waveguide --- hillocks --- ion tracks --- ion irradiation --- TEM --- vanadium alloy --- irradiation hardening --- radiation damage --- electron irradiation --- metal surface --- sputtering --- groove --- hole --- self-organization --- pattern --- laser photocathode --- pulsed electron sources --- pulsed transmission electron microscope --- ion beam --- copper oxide --- chromatic change --- photoemission spectrum --- beam viewer --- light water reactor --- zirconium alloys --- nuclear fuel cladding --- thermal desorption spectroscopy --- transmission electron microscopy --- high energy irradiation --- ion track overlapping --- oxides --- Monte Carlo simulation for two-dimensional images --- lattice structures and magnetic states --- binomial and Poisson distribution functions --- ion accelerators at WERC --- irradiation effects on space electronics --- single event --- total ionization dose --- displacement damage --- solar cell --- space application --- irradiation test --- beam condition --- degradation --- standardization --- ISO --- high-Tc superconductors --- critical current density --- flux pinning --- heavy-ion irradiation --- columnar defects --- anisotropy --- superconductor --- irradiation --- critical current --- cerium oxide --- CeO2 --- swift heavy ions --- phase transition --- partially stabilized zirconia --- XRD --- radiation simulation --- ion-track etching --- electrodeposition --- micro/nano-sized metal cones --- template synthesis --- electrocatalyst --- excited reaction field --- transmission electron microscope --- nanomaterials --- manipulation --- nanostructure --- Al --- Al2O3 --- accelerator-driven system (ADS) --- liquid metal corrosion (LMC) --- lead-bismuth eutectic (LBE) --- self-ion irradiation --- oxygen concentration in LBE --- irradiation effect on corrosion behavior --- electronic excitation --- lattice disordering --- electron-lattice coupling --- nanopore structure --- ceria --- molecular dynamics --- simulation --- structural analysis --- defects

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Epithelium --- Epithelial cells --- Tissue culture --- Cells, Cultured --- cytology --- physiology --- Cell culture. --- Epithelial cells. --- Epithelium. --- Tissue culture. --- Cells, Cultured. --- Cells --- EPITHELIUM --- cytology. --- physiology. --- cultured --- Epithelial Cells. --- Cultured Cells --- Cell, Cultured --- Cultured Cell --- Organ Culture Techniques --- Coculture Techniques --- Cell Culture Techniques --- Culture Techniques --- Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells --- Adenomatous Epithelial Cells --- Columnar Glandular Epithelial Cells --- Cuboidal Glandular Epithelial Cells --- Glandular Epithelial Cells --- Squamous Cells --- Squamous Epithelial Cells --- Transitional Epithelial Cells --- Adenomatous Epithelial Cell --- Cell, Adenomatous Epithelial --- Cell, Epithelial --- Cell, Glandular Epithelial --- Cell, Squamous --- Cell, Squamous Epithelial --- Cell, Transitional Epithelial --- Cells, Adenomatous Epithelial --- Cells, Epithelial --- Cells, Glandular Epithelial --- Cells, Squamous --- Cells, Squamous Epithelial --- Cells, Transitional Epithelial --- Epithelial Cell --- Epithelial Cell, Adenomatous --- Epithelial Cell, Glandular --- Epithelial Cell, Squamous --- Epithelial Cell, Transitional --- Epithelial Cells, Adenomatous --- Epithelial Cells, Glandular --- Epithelial Cells, Squamous --- Epithelial Cells, Transitional --- Glandular Epithelial Cell --- Squamous Cell --- Squamous Epithelial Cell --- Transitional Epithelial Cell --- cultured. --- Cells, cultured. --- Cultured. --- Cytology. --- Physiology. --- Cell culture --- Epithelial Cells --- Tissues --- Cultures (Biology) --- Organ culture --- Cilia and ciliary motion --- Exfoliative cytology --- Cytology --- Cultures and culture media --- Technique --- Epithelium - cytology