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[Increasing evidence suggests that microbiota and especially the gut microbiota (the microbes inhabiting the gut including bacteria, archaea, viruses, and fungi) plays a key role in human physiology and pathology. Recent findings indicate how dysbiosis—an imbalance in the composition and organization of microbial populations—could severely impact the development of different medical conditions (from metabolic to mood disorders), providing new insights into the comprehension of diverse diseases, such as IBD, obesity, asthma, autism, stroke, diabetes, and cancer. Given that microbial cells in the gut outnumber host cells, microbiota influences human physiology both functionally and structurally. Microbial metabolites bridge various—even distant—areas of the organism by way of the immune and hormone system. For instance, it is now clear that the mutual interaction between the gastrointestinal tract and the brain (gut–brain axis), often involves gut microbiota, indicating that the crosstalk between the organism and its microbial residents represents a fundamental aspect of both the establishment and maintenance of healthy conditions. Moreover, it is crucial to recognize that beyond the intestinal tract, microbiota populates other host organs and tissues (e.g., skin and oral mucosa). We have edited this eBook with the aim of publishing manuscripts focusing on the impact of microbiota in the development of different diseases and their associated treatments.]

gastrointestinal diseases --- sterile inflammation --- n/a --- Staphylococcus spp. --- etiopathogenesis --- colitis --- Escherichia coli --- bacteriophages --- atopic dermatitis --- intravenous immunoglobulin G --- adaptive immunity --- 16S rRNA gene --- vaginal microbiota --- modularity --- innate immunity --- gut-liver axis --- disease activity --- immune system --- cytokines --- commensals --- Staphylococcus aureus --- dysbiosis --- fecal transplantation --- TLR mimicry --- etanercept --- dextran sulfate sodium --- CAR T-cell --- 3-dihydroxy-4-methoxyBenzaldehyde --- chemo free treatment --- Staphylococcus epidermis --- rheumatoid arthritis --- microbiome --- co-occurrence network --- immune epigenetics --- 2 --- autoimmunity --- superoxide dismutase --- precision medicine --- metabolism --- adoptive cell transfer (ACT) --- gut barrier --- antibiotics --- checkpoint inhibitors --- probiotics --- microbiota --- Candida albicans --- Enterococcus faecalis --- chronic liver diseases --- TCR --- anaerobic bacteria --- HSV2 --- bacteriocins --- methotrexate --- microbial interactions --- T cells --- virus --- mice --- lymphoid malignancies --- HPV --- macrophages --- anti-TNF-? --- inflammation --- chondroitin sulfate disaccharide --- immunotherapy --- genomics --- immuno-oncology --- diet --- aerobic bacteria --- immunological niche --- melanin --- health --- chemokines --- gut microbiota --- cutaneous immunity --- HIV --- TIL --- cancer --- global network

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Numerous studies have demonstrated that the plant microbiome is highly relevant for the growth and fitness of plants. Plants in ecosystems and agroecosystems can recruit a wide variety of microorganisms, including beneficial microbes which are being studied and applied as biostimulators to improve nutrition and tolerance of plants and as biocontrol of phytopathogens. In this context, this Book contains a selection of articles describing diverse ecological and biotechnological aspects of microbiomes in native and agronomic plants (e.g., pepper, potato, rice and lettuce) created by researchers from Italy, China, Korea, Egypt, Oman, Germany, the USA, and Chile.

Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- bioprospecting --- inoculants --- plant growth-promoting bacteria --- plant microbiome --- plant–microbe interactions --- plant microbiota --- cultivation-dependent of plant microbiota --- plant broth-based culture media --- “in-situ-similis” culturing strategy --- vegan nutrition --- clover bacterial endophytes --- co-occurrence network --- fungal community --- fungal functional role --- plastic shed cultivation --- rhizosphere --- rhizosphere microbiome --- shotgun metagenomic sequencing --- partial least squares (PLS) regression analysis --- rice --- recombinant inbred lines --- root and shoot biomass --- heading and physiological maturity stage --- Codonopsis tangshen --- continuous cropping --- 454 pyrosequencing --- bacterial community --- bacterial structure --- soil chemical properties --- Streptomyces biocontrol agent --- cucumber --- microbial community composition --- microbial function --- Cadophora spp. --- corm rot --- dark septate endophytes --- functional guild --- internal transcribed spacer --- Talaromyces spp. --- aquaponics --- metabarcoding --- bacterial communities --- carbohydrases --- phytases --- endosymbiont --- microbial diversity --- fig and fig wasp --- Ficus hirta --- interaction --- alpha and beta diversity --- diversity --- metagenomics --- Streptomyces spp. spatial location --- variety --- volcanoes --- Andean Altiplano --- wild rice --- microbial community --- rhizosphere microorganism --- plant growth promoting --- extreme environments --- Atacama Desert --- 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol --- biocontroller

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One of the most promising developments in modelling knowledge is cognitive network science, which aims to investigate cognitive phenomena driven by the networked, associative organization of knowledge. For example, investigating the structure of semantic memory via semantic networks has illuminated how memory recall patterns influence phenomena such as creativity, memory search, learning, and more generally, knowledge acquisition, exploration, and exploitation. In parallel, neural network models for artificial intelligence (AI) are also becoming more widespread as inferential models for understanding which features drive language-related phenomena such as meaning reconstruction, stance detection, and emotional profiling. Whereas cognitive networks map explicitly which entities engage in associative relationships, neural networks perform an implicit mapping of correlations in cognitive data as weights, obtained after training over labelled data and whose interpretation is not immediately evident to the experimenter. This book aims to bring together quantitative, innovative research that focuses on modelling knowledge through cognitive and neural networks to gain insight into mechanisms driving cognitive processes related to knowledge structuring, exploration, and learning. The book comprises a variety of publication types, including reviews and theoretical papers, empirical research, computational modelling, and big data analysis. All papers here share a commonality: they demonstrate how the application of network science and AI can extend and broaden cognitive science in ways that traditional approaches cannot.

text mining --- big data --- analytics --- review --- self-organization --- computational philosophy --- brain --- synaptic learning --- adaptation --- functional plasticity --- activity-dependent resonance states --- circular causality --- somatosensory representation --- prehensile synergies --- robotics --- COVID-19 --- social media --- hashtag networks --- emotional profiling --- cognitive science --- network science --- sentiment analysis --- computational social science --- Twitter --- VADER scoring --- correlation --- semantic network analysis --- intellectual disability --- adolescents --- EEG --- emotional states --- working memory --- depression --- anxiety --- graph theory --- classification --- machine learning --- neural networks --- phonotactic probability --- neighborhood density --- sub-lexical representations --- lexical representations --- phonemes --- biphones --- cognitive network --- smart assistants --- knowledge generation --- intelligent systems --- web components --- deep learning --- web-based interaction --- cognitive network science --- text analysis --- natural language processing --- artificial intelligence --- emotional recall --- cognitive data --- AI --- pharmacological text corpus --- automatic relation extraction --- gender stereotypes --- story tropes --- movie plots --- network analysis --- word co-occurrence network --- n/a

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Numerous studies have demonstrated that the plant microbiome is highly relevant for the growth and fitness of plants. Plants in ecosystems and agroecosystems can recruit a wide variety of microorganisms, including beneficial microbes which are being studied and applied as biostimulators to improve nutrition and tolerance of plants and as biocontrol of phytopathogens. In this context, this Book contains a selection of articles describing diverse ecological and biotechnological aspects of microbiomes in native and agronomic plants (e.g., pepper, potato, rice and lettuce) created by researchers from Italy, China, Korea, Egypt, Oman, Germany, the USA, and Chile.

Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- bioprospecting --- inoculants --- plant growth-promoting bacteria --- plant microbiome --- plant–microbe interactions --- plant microbiota --- cultivation-dependent of plant microbiota --- plant broth-based culture media --- “in-situ-similis” culturing strategy --- vegan nutrition --- clover bacterial endophytes --- co-occurrence network --- fungal community --- fungal functional role --- plastic shed cultivation --- rhizosphere --- rhizosphere microbiome --- shotgun metagenomic sequencing --- partial least squares (PLS) regression analysis --- rice --- recombinant inbred lines --- root and shoot biomass --- heading and physiological maturity stage --- Codonopsis tangshen --- continuous cropping --- 454 pyrosequencing --- bacterial community --- bacterial structure --- soil chemical properties --- Streptomyces biocontrol agent --- cucumber --- microbial community composition --- microbial function --- Cadophora spp. --- corm rot --- dark septate endophytes --- functional guild --- internal transcribed spacer --- Talaromyces spp. --- aquaponics --- metabarcoding --- bacterial communities --- carbohydrases --- phytases --- endosymbiont --- microbial diversity --- fig and fig wasp --- Ficus hirta --- interaction --- alpha and beta diversity --- diversity --- metagenomics --- Streptomyces spp. spatial location --- variety --- volcanoes --- Andean Altiplano --- wild rice --- microbial community --- rhizosphere microorganism --- plant growth promoting --- extreme environments --- Atacama Desert --- 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol --- biocontroller --- bioprospecting --- inoculants --- plant growth-promoting bacteria --- plant microbiome --- plant–microbe interactions --- plant microbiota --- cultivation-dependent of plant microbiota --- plant broth-based culture media --- “in-situ-similis” culturing strategy --- vegan nutrition --- clover bacterial endophytes --- co-occurrence network --- fungal community --- fungal functional role --- plastic shed cultivation --- rhizosphere --- rhizosphere microbiome --- shotgun metagenomic sequencing --- partial least squares (PLS) regression analysis --- rice --- recombinant inbred lines --- root and shoot biomass --- heading and physiological maturity stage --- Codonopsis tangshen --- continuous cropping --- 454 pyrosequencing --- bacterial community --- bacterial structure --- soil chemical properties --- Streptomyces biocontrol agent --- cucumber --- microbial community composition --- microbial function --- Cadophora spp. --- corm rot --- dark septate endophytes --- functional guild --- internal transcribed spacer --- Talaromyces spp. --- aquaponics --- metabarcoding --- bacterial communities --- carbohydrases --- phytases --- endosymbiont --- microbial diversity --- fig and fig wasp --- Ficus hirta --- interaction --- alpha and beta diversity --- diversity --- metagenomics --- Streptomyces spp. spatial location --- variety --- volcanoes --- Andean Altiplano --- wild rice --- microbial community --- rhizosphere microorganism --- plant growth promoting --- extreme environments --- Atacama Desert --- 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol --- biocontroller