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Woody biomass is most widely used for energy production. In the United States, roughly 2% of the energy consumed annually is generated from wood and wood-derived fuels. Woody biomass needs to be preprocessed and pretreated before it is used for energy production. Preprocessing and pretreatments improve the physical, chemical, and rheological properties, making them more suitable for feeding, handling, storage transportation, and conversion. Mechanical preprocessing technologies such as size reduction and densification, help improve particle size distribution and density. Thermal pretreatment can reduce grinding energy and torrefied ground biomass has improved sphericity, particle surface area, and particle size distribution. This book focuses on several specific topics, such as understanding how forest biomass for biofuels impacts greenhouse gas emissions; mechanical preprocessing, such as densification of forest residue biomass, to improve physical properties such as size, shape, and density; the impact of thermal pretreatment temperatures on woody biomass chemical composition, physical properties, and microstructure for thermochemical conversions such as pyrolysis and gasification; the grindability of torrefied pellets; use of wood for gasification and as a filter for tar removal; and understanding the pyrolysis kinetics of biomass using thermogravimetric analyzers.

History of engineering & technology --- grindability --- torrefied biomass --- pellet --- energy consumption --- co-firing --- biomass --- gasification --- tar --- syngas cleaning --- dry filter --- pyrolysis --- chemical composition --- micro-structure --- physical properties --- scanning electron microscopy --- wood --- thermal pretreatment --- torrefaction --- timber --- harvest residues --- ethanol --- GHG savings --- Michigan --- variety and rootstock selection --- almond tree --- agricultural practices --- halophytes --- Phoenix dactylifera --- Salicornia bigelovii --- thermogravimetric analysis --- torrefied biomass --- correlation --- ultimate analysis --- solid yield --- heating value --- OLS --- 2-inch top pine residue + switchgrass blends --- pelleting process variables --- pellet quality --- specific energy consumption --- response surface models --- hybrid genetic algorithm --- pelleting --- functional groups --- pellet strength --- combustion efficiency --- forest biomass --- Australia --- biomass energy potential --- emission --- bioenergy

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Woody biomass is most widely used for energy production. In the United States, roughly 2% of the energy consumed annually is generated from wood and wood-derived fuels. Woody biomass needs to be preprocessed and pretreated before it is used for energy production. Preprocessing and pretreatments improve the physical, chemical, and rheological properties, making them more suitable for feeding, handling, storage transportation, and conversion. Mechanical preprocessing technologies such as size reduction and densification, help improve particle size distribution and density. Thermal pretreatment can reduce grinding energy and torrefied ground biomass has improved sphericity, particle surface area, and particle size distribution. This book focuses on several specific topics, such as understanding how forest biomass for biofuels impacts greenhouse gas emissions; mechanical preprocessing, such as densification of forest residue biomass, to improve physical properties such as size, shape, and density; the impact of thermal pretreatment temperatures on woody biomass chemical composition, physical properties, and microstructure for thermochemical conversions such as pyrolysis and gasification; the grindability of torrefied pellets; use of wood for gasification and as a filter for tar removal; and understanding the pyrolysis kinetics of biomass using thermogravimetric analyzers.

History of engineering & technology --- grindability --- torrefied biomass --- pellet --- energy consumption --- co-firing --- biomass --- gasification --- tar --- syngas cleaning --- dry filter --- pyrolysis --- chemical composition --- micro-structure --- physical properties --- scanning electron microscopy --- wood --- thermal pretreatment --- torrefaction --- timber --- harvest residues --- ethanol --- GHG savings --- Michigan --- variety and rootstock selection --- almond tree --- agricultural practices --- halophytes --- Phoenix dactylifera --- Salicornia bigelovii --- thermogravimetric analysis --- torrefied biomass --- correlation --- ultimate analysis --- solid yield --- heating value --- OLS --- 2-inch top pine residue + switchgrass blends --- pelleting process variables --- pellet quality --- specific energy consumption --- response surface models --- hybrid genetic algorithm --- pelleting --- functional groups --- pellet strength --- combustion efficiency --- forest biomass --- Australia --- biomass energy potential --- emission --- bioenergy --- grindability --- torrefied biomass --- pellet --- energy consumption --- co-firing --- biomass --- gasification --- tar --- syngas cleaning --- dry filter --- pyrolysis --- chemical composition --- micro-structure --- physical properties --- scanning electron microscopy --- wood --- thermal pretreatment --- torrefaction --- timber --- harvest residues --- ethanol --- GHG savings --- Michigan --- variety and rootstock selection --- almond tree --- agricultural practices --- halophytes --- Phoenix dactylifera --- Salicornia bigelovii --- thermogravimetric analysis --- torrefied biomass --- correlation --- ultimate analysis --- solid yield --- heating value --- OLS --- 2-inch top pine residue + switchgrass blends --- pelleting process variables --- pellet quality --- specific energy consumption --- response surface models --- hybrid genetic algorithm --- pelleting --- functional groups --- pellet strength --- combustion efficiency --- forest biomass --- Australia --- biomass energy potential --- emission --- bioenergy

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The depletion of natural energy resources provides evidential adverse impacts on world economy functionality. The strong requirement of a sustainable energy supply has escalated intensive research and the discovery of cleaner energy sources, as well as efficient energy management practices. In the context of a circular economy, this research not only targets the optimisation of resources utilisation at different stages but also emphasises the eco-design of products to extend production life spans. Based on this concept, this book discusses the roles of process integration approaches, renewable energy sources utilisation and design modifications in addressing the process energy and exergy efficiency improvement. The primary focus is to enhance the economic and environmental performance through process analysis, modelling and optimisation. The articles mainly show the contribution of each aspect: (a) design and numerical study for innovative energy-efficient technologies, (b) process integration—heat and power, (c) process energy efficiency or emission analysis, and (d) optimisation of renewable energy resources’ supply chain. The articles are based on the latest contribution of this journal’s Special Issues in the 21st conference entitled “Process Integration, Modelling and Optimisation for Energy Saving and Pollution Reduction (PRES)”. This book is complemented with an editorial review to highlight the broader state-of-the-art development.

Research & information: general --- particulate matter --- fine particles --- combustion particles --- nucleation --- particle growth --- data envelopment analysis --- energy efficiency --- food loss and waste --- life-cycle assessment --- welding residual stress --- welding deflection --- T-joint fillet weld --- preheat temperature --- interpass time --- finite element analysis --- water desalination --- water supply --- water shortage --- energy demand --- environmental impacts --- specific energy consumption --- cryogenic energy storage --- air liquefaction --- exergy analysis --- economic analysis --- exergoeconomic analysis --- heat exchanger network --- structural controllability --- structural observability --- operability --- network science --- sensor and actuator placement --- simplified methods --- design procedure --- convection section --- radiant section --- flow distribution --- heat flux distribution --- boiler --- solar collector network --- minimum number of solar collectors --- maximum operating time --- flexible operation --- district heating --- heat accumulation --- pipe --- numerical model --- Modelica language --- Julia language --- performance --- off-grid polygeneration --- micro-hydropower plant --- fuzzy optimization --- mixed-integer linear programming --- dual-turbine --- multi-objective --- heat exchanger network (HEN) --- synthesis --- optimization --- direct heat integration --- indirect heat integration --- piping --- pumping --- impinging jet --- dimple --- Nusselt number --- heat transfer --- heat exchanger --- flow boiling --- surface-enhanced tube --- heat transfer coefficient --- flow pattern --- total site heat integration --- heat recovery loop (HRL) --- heat storage --- Monte Carlo (MC) simulation --- data farming --- gasification --- biomass --- total solid particle --- trigeneration system --- process integration --- pinch analysis --- co-generation --- storage system --- trigeneration system cascade analysis --- energy conservation --- latent heat thermal energy storage --- phase change materials --- passive cooling --- bio-adsorbents --- chitosan microbeads --- nanoparticles --- anaerobic digestion --- biowaste --- life cycle assessment --- smart city --- waste collection --- P-Graph framework --- process network synthesis --- multi-periodic model --- sustainability --- co-firing --- wheat straw --- softwood --- bog peat --- pellets --- thermal decomposition --- combustion --- DC electric field --- computational fluid dynamics --- temperature contour --- cooling system --- mathematical optimization --- machine learning --- flexible control technology --- biomass co-firing --- biomass quality --- network optimization --- goal programming --- mixed integer nonlinear programming --- renewable energy sources --- energy-saving technologies --- particulate matter --- fine particles --- combustion particles --- nucleation --- particle growth --- data envelopment analysis --- energy efficiency --- food loss and waste --- life-cycle assessment --- welding residual stress --- welding deflection --- T-joint fillet weld --- preheat temperature --- interpass time --- finite element analysis --- water desalination --- water supply --- water shortage --- energy demand --- environmental impacts --- specific energy consumption --- cryogenic energy storage --- air liquefaction --- exergy analysis --- economic analysis --- exergoeconomic analysis --- heat exchanger network --- structural controllability --- structural observability --- operability --- network science --- sensor and actuator placement --- simplified methods --- design procedure --- convection section --- radiant section --- flow distribution --- heat flux distribution --- boiler --- solar collector network --- minimum number of solar collectors --- maximum operating time --- flexible operation --- district heating --- heat accumulation --- pipe --- numerical model --- Modelica language --- Julia language --- performance --- off-grid polygeneration --- micro-hydropower plant --- fuzzy optimization --- mixed-integer linear programming --- dual-turbine --- multi-objective --- heat exchanger network (HEN) --- synthesis --- optimization --- direct heat integration --- indirect heat integration --- piping --- pumping --- impinging jet --- dimple --- Nusselt number --- heat transfer --- heat exchanger --- flow boiling --- surface-enhanced tube --- heat transfer coefficient --- flow pattern --- total site heat integration --- heat recovery loop (HRL) --- heat storage --- Monte Carlo (MC) simulation --- data farming --- gasification --- biomass --- total solid particle --- trigeneration system --- process integration --- pinch analysis --- co-generation --- storage system --- trigeneration system cascade analysis --- energy conservation --- latent heat thermal energy storage --- phase change materials --- passive cooling --- bio-adsorbents --- chitosan microbeads --- nanoparticles --- anaerobic digestion --- biowaste --- life cycle assessment --- smart city --- waste collection --- P-Graph framework --- process network synthesis --- multi-periodic model --- sustainability --- co-firing --- wheat straw --- softwood --- bog peat --- pellets --- thermal decomposition --- combustion --- DC electric field --- computational fluid dynamics --- temperature contour --- cooling system --- mathematical optimization --- machine learning --- flexible control technology --- biomass co-firing --- biomass quality --- network optimization --- goal programming --- mixed integer nonlinear programming --- renewable energy sources --- energy-saving technologies

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• Reference Manager
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• RefWorks (Direct export to RefWorks)

The depletion of natural energy resources provides evidential adverse impacts on world economy functionality. The strong requirement of a sustainable energy supply has escalated intensive research and the discovery of cleaner energy sources, as well as efficient energy management practices. In the context of a circular economy, this research not only targets the optimisation of resources utilisation at different stages but also emphasises the eco-design of products to extend production life spans. Based on this concept, this book discusses the roles of process integration approaches, renewable energy sources utilisation and design modifications in addressing the process energy and exergy efficiency improvement. The primary focus is to enhance the economic and environmental performance through process analysis, modelling and optimisation. The articles mainly show the contribution of each aspect: (a) design and numerical study for innovative energy-efficient technologies, (b) process integration—heat and power, (c) process energy efficiency or emission analysis, and (d) optimisation of renewable energy resources’ supply chain. The articles are based on the latest contribution of this journal’s Special Issues in the 21st conference entitled “Process Integration, Modelling and Optimisation for Energy Saving and Pollution Reduction (PRES)”. This book is complemented with an editorial review to highlight the broader state-of-the-art development.

particulate matter --- fine particles --- combustion particles --- nucleation --- particle growth --- data envelopment analysis --- energy efficiency --- food loss and waste --- life-cycle assessment --- welding residual stress --- welding deflection --- T-joint fillet weld --- preheat temperature --- interpass time --- finite element analysis --- water desalination --- water supply --- water shortage --- energy demand --- environmental impacts --- specific energy consumption --- cryogenic energy storage --- air liquefaction --- exergy analysis --- economic analysis --- exergoeconomic analysis --- heat exchanger network --- structural controllability --- structural observability --- operability --- network science --- sensor and actuator placement --- simplified methods --- design procedure --- convection section --- radiant section --- flow distribution --- heat flux distribution --- boiler --- solar collector network --- minimum number of solar collectors --- maximum operating time --- flexible operation --- district heating --- heat accumulation --- pipe --- numerical model --- Modelica language --- Julia language --- performance --- off-grid polygeneration --- micro-hydropower plant --- fuzzy optimization --- mixed-integer linear programming --- dual-turbine --- multi-objective --- heat exchanger network (HEN) --- synthesis --- optimization --- direct heat integration --- indirect heat integration --- piping --- pumping --- impinging jet --- dimple --- Nusselt number --- heat transfer --- heat exchanger --- flow boiling --- surface-enhanced tube --- heat transfer coefficient --- flow pattern --- total site heat integration --- heat recovery loop (HRL) --- heat storage --- Monte Carlo (MC) simulation --- data farming --- gasification --- biomass --- total solid particle --- trigeneration system --- process integration --- pinch analysis --- co-generation --- storage system --- trigeneration system cascade analysis --- energy conservation --- latent heat thermal energy storage --- phase change materials --- passive cooling --- bio-adsorbents --- chitosan microbeads --- nanoparticles --- anaerobic digestion --- biowaste --- life cycle assessment --- smart city --- waste collection --- P-Graph framework --- process network synthesis --- multi-periodic model --- sustainability --- co-firing --- wheat straw --- softwood --- bog peat --- pellets --- thermal decomposition --- combustion --- DC electric field --- computational fluid dynamics --- temperature contour --- cooling system --- mathematical optimization --- machine learning --- flexible control technology --- biomass co-firing --- biomass quality --- network optimization --- goal programming --- mixed integer nonlinear programming --- renewable energy sources --- energy-saving technologies

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Energy is a fundamental social need and plays an essential role in driving economic growth. The emerging economy requires the support of a reliable, affordable, and energy system with low carbon emissions and air pollutants. System design is important in facilitating sustainable development. Various works that aspire to promote sustainable system design by addressing the issues of enhancing energy and environmental performance were presented in the Special Issue (SI) of the 22nd Conference on Process Integration, Modelling and Optimisation for Energy Saving and Pollution Reduction (PRES’19). The contribution can be categorised into four topics focused on modelling, simulation, optimisation, and assessment studies, on the topics of: (a) heat integration and heat transfer, (b) integrated and newly developed heat exchangers, (c) integration of renewables (d) roles in economic and environmental sustainability. This book is complemented with an editorial review, to highlight the broader state-of-the-art development.

Research & information: general --- Process Integration --- heat pumps --- Joule cycle heat pump --- Pinch Analysis --- evaporation --- condensation --- surface-enhanced tube --- heat transfer coefficient --- fossil-intensive industrial processes --- decarbonization technologies --- reactive absorption/adsorption CO2 capture systems --- modeling --- simulation --- and process integration --- techno-economic and environmental assessments --- improved superstructure --- HENs --- utility system --- steam heater --- MINLP --- heat exchanger network (HEN) --- retrofit --- flexibility --- optimization --- critical points --- multi-period --- flow distribution --- process and power industry equipment --- finite element analysis --- waste-originated feedstock --- isomerization --- biogasoline --- benzene-free --- increased octane number --- CFD modelling --- heat treatment process --- industrial furnaces --- natural gas substitution --- syngas co-firing --- biofuel --- bioenergy --- supply chain --- Malaysia --- Indonesia --- Thailand --- interdisciplinary --- integrated assessment --- gravity-driven particle flow --- discrete element method --- heat transfer enhancement --- acrylic acid --- propylene oxidation --- multitubular reactor --- biowaste --- waste-to-energy --- composting --- fermentation --- greenhouse gases --- global warming potential --- energy-related carbon emissions --- carbon flow --- Sankey diagrams --- structural changes --- TRO index --- energy allocation analysis --- energy system --- exergy footprint --- sustainability --- process systems engineering --- exergy accounting --- desalination --- multi-effect distillation --- multi-stage flash --- mechanical vapor compression --- reverse osmosis --- renewable energy --- waste materials --- sewage sludge --- riverbank grass --- rumen fluid --- pretreatment of waste --- determination of parameters --- biomass boilers --- fuel cell --- solar thermal --- electrode boiler --- steam systems --- food processing industry --- decarbonisation --- energy costs --- Shifted Retrofit Thermodynamic Grid Diagram (SRTGD) --- type selection --- CO2 emissions --- electricity planning --- CO2 Constrained Energy Planning (CCEP) --- approaches for CCEP --- aluminum products --- ammonia synthesis --- plate heat exchanger --- heat transfer --- multi-pass arrangement --- optimal design --- energy efficiency --- environmental sustainability --- heat integration --- economic sustainability --- optimisation and modelling tools --- Acree model --- dielectric constant --- ethanol --- impedance --- King and Queen model --- microwave heating --- binary mixtures --- NaCl --- permittivity --- water --- Process Integration --- heat pumps --- Joule cycle heat pump --- Pinch Analysis --- evaporation --- condensation --- surface-enhanced tube --- heat transfer coefficient --- fossil-intensive industrial processes --- decarbonization technologies --- reactive absorption/adsorption CO2 capture systems --- modeling --- simulation --- and process integration --- techno-economic and environmental assessments --- improved superstructure --- HENs --- utility system --- steam heater --- MINLP --- heat exchanger network (HEN) --- retrofit --- flexibility --- optimization --- critical points --- multi-period --- flow distribution --- process and power industry equipment --- finite element analysis --- waste-originated feedstock --- isomerization --- biogasoline --- benzene-free --- increased octane number --- CFD modelling --- heat treatment process --- industrial furnaces --- natural gas substitution --- syngas co-firing --- biofuel --- bioenergy --- supply chain --- Malaysia --- Indonesia --- Thailand --- interdisciplinary --- integrated assessment --- gravity-driven particle flow --- discrete element method --- heat transfer enhancement --- acrylic acid --- propylene oxidation --- multitubular reactor --- biowaste --- waste-to-energy --- composting --- fermentation --- greenhouse gases --- global warming potential --- energy-related carbon emissions --- carbon flow --- Sankey diagrams --- structural changes --- TRO index --- energy allocation analysis --- energy system --- exergy footprint --- sustainability --- process systems engineering --- exergy accounting --- desalination --- multi-effect distillation --- multi-stage flash --- mechanical vapor compression --- reverse osmosis --- renewable energy --- waste materials --- sewage sludge --- riverbank grass --- rumen fluid --- pretreatment of waste --- determination of parameters --- biomass boilers --- fuel cell --- solar thermal --- electrode boiler --- steam systems --- food processing industry --- decarbonisation --- energy costs --- Shifted Retrofit Thermodynamic Grid Diagram (SRTGD) --- type selection --- CO2 emissions --- electricity planning --- CO2 Constrained Energy Planning (CCEP) --- approaches for CCEP --- aluminum products --- ammonia synthesis --- plate heat exchanger --- heat transfer --- multi-pass arrangement --- optimal design --- energy efficiency --- environmental sustainability --- heat integration --- economic sustainability --- optimisation and modelling tools --- Acree model --- dielectric constant --- ethanol --- impedance --- King and Queen model --- microwave heating --- binary mixtures --- NaCl --- permittivity --- water