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This book collects multidisciplinary research articles focused on Clostridioides difficile infection. The contributions collected here shed some light on grey areas of our knowledge of Clostridioides difficile, including regional Clostridioides difficile phenotypic and genotypic patterns, the Clostridioides difficile infection clinical course and the mortality rate in different settings and patient case-mix, the levels of Clostridioides difficile toxins in patients' sera, and novel, promising therapeutic approaches. This collection serves as a valuable reservoir of knowledge for scientists and researchers in the field of infectious diseases.

Clostridioides difficile infection --- co–morbidities --- mortality --- malignancy --- outcome --- risk factors --- C. difficile infection --- molecular analysis --- toxin production --- antibiotic resistance --- microbiome --- C. difficile --- hamsters --- bovine immunoglobulins --- 16S rRNA --- next generation sequencing --- Clostridioides difficile --- Charlson comorbidity index --- Child–Pugh score --- Clostridioides difficile associated disease --- CDI --- nonalcoholic fatty liver disease --- NAFLD --- NASH --- recurrent disease --- antibacterial --- Clostridioides (Clostridium) difficile --- peptidomimetic --- triazole --- baicalin --- gut dysbiosis --- mouse model --- spores --- anti-spore --- spore germination --- nanomaterial --- teicoplanin --- spore --- antibiotics --- multi-step algorithm --- multiplex “real-time” PCR --- PCR capillary-based electrophoresis ribotyping --- Clostridium difficile --- TcdA --- TcdB --- toxin --- toxemia --- plasma --- method --- quantification --- CDI severity --- n/a --- co-morbidities --- Child-Pugh score --- multiplex "real-time" PCR

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TB is considered as one of the oldest documented infectious diseases in the world and is believed to be the leading cause of mortality due to a single infectious agent. Mtb, the causative agent responsible for TB, continues to afflict millions of people worldwide. Furthermore, one-third of the entire world's population has latent TB. Consequently, there has been a worldwide effort to eradicate and limit the spread of Mtb through the use of antibiotics. However, management of TB is becoming more challenging with the emergence of drug-resistant and multi-drug resistant strains of Mtb. Furthermore, when administered, many of the anti-TB drugs commonly present severe complications and side effects. Novel approaches to enhance the host immune responses to completely eradicate Mtb infection are urgently needed. This Special Issue will therefore cover most recent advances in the area of host-directed therapies for TB.

Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- Mycobacterium tuberculosis --- host-directed therapies --- immune responses --- tuberculosis --- lung cancer --- misdiagnosis --- invasive procedure --- revising --- antiplatelet --- aspirin --- immunomodulation --- survival --- Taiwan --- latent infection --- pulmonary --- rabbit --- iron supplementation --- pathology --- immune response --- gene expression --- Perls’ stain --- autophagy --- M. tb --- BCG vaccination --- immune exhaustion --- glutathione --- cytokines --- granulomas --- type 2 diabetes --- co-morbidities --- co-infections --- inflammation --- redox imbalance --- antioxidants