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The present book contains five papers accepted and published in the Special Issue, “Fuzzy Natural Logic in IFSA-EUSFLAT 2021”, of the journal Mathematics (MDPI). These papers are extended versions of the contributions presented in the conference “The 19th World Congress of the International Fuzzy Systems Association and the 12th Conference of the European Society for Fuzzy Logic and Technology jointly with the AGOP, IJCRS, and FQAS conferences”, which took place in Bratislava (Slovakia) from September 19 to September 24, 2021. Fuzzy Natural Logic (FNL) is a system of mathematical fuzzy logic theories that enables us to model natural language terms and rules while accounting for their inherent vagueness and allows us to reason and argue using the tools developed in them. FNL includes, among others, the theory of evaluative linguistic expressions (e.g., small, very large, etc.), the theory of fuzzy and intermediate quantifiers (e.g., most, few, many, etc.), and the theory of fuzzy/linguistic IF–THEN rules and logical inference. The papers in this Special Issue use the various aspects and concepts of FNL mentioned above and apply them to a wide range of problems both theoretically and practically oriented. This book will be of interest for researchers working in the areas of fuzzy logic, applied linguistics, generalized quantifiers, and their applications.
Research & information: general --- Mathematics & science --- fuzzy Peterson’s syllogisms --- fuzzy intermediate quantifiers --- graded Peterson’s cube of opposition --- linguistic universals --- linguistic complexity --- evaluative expressions --- fuzzy grammar --- linguistic gradience --- linguistic constraints --- grammaticality --- sentiment analysis --- closeness --- closeness matrix --- closeness space --- function similarity --- fuzzy partition --- fuzzy transform --- preimage problem --- singular value decomposition --- evolving fuzzy neural network --- or-neuron --- auction fraud --- knowledge extraction --- n/a --- fuzzy Peterson's syllogisms --- graded Peterson's cube of opposition
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This paper studies the impact of foreign direct investment on domestic firms' innovation in China. It provides causal evidence by exploiting China's foreign direct investment deregulation in 2002 and employs a difference-in-difference estimation strategy. Using a matched firm-patent data set from 1998 to 2007, the results show that the quantity and quality of domestic firms' innovation benefit from foreign direct investment. Moreover, the paper emphasizes the importance of knowledge spillover from foreign direct investment in similar technology domains. The analysis examines the role of horizontal foreign direct investment and foreign direct investment in technologically close industries'industries that share similar technology domains. The findings show that foreign direct investment in technologically close industries generates much bigger positive spillovers than horizontal foreign direct investment. The paper also shows that knowledge spillover from foreign direct investment in similar technology domains is not driven by input-out linkages. Moreover, the spillover effect is stronger in cities with higher human capital stock and firms with higher absorptive capacity.
Business Environment --- Firm Innovation --- Foreign Direct Investment --- Innovation --- International Economics and Trade --- Private Sector Development --- Private Sector Economics --- Spillover Effect --- Technology Closeness
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Ökotourismus als ein »Zurück zur Natur« ist nicht nur Sache der Tourist_innen, sondern betrifft speziell auch die bereisten indigenen Gemeinschaften. Am Beispiel eines gemeindebasierten Ökotourismusprojekts im südlichen Mexiko zeigt Saskia Walther, wie sich eine Gemeinde globale Diskurse um indigene Naturverbundenheit zu Nutze macht. Dabei folgt sie der Frage, welche Wirkmacht der Ökotourismus vor Ort entfaltet, und zeigt anhand ihres Konzeptes von »Naturen«, wie eng die soziale und die natürliche Umwelt miteinander verbunden sind. So bedingt der neue Umgang mit der Natur Veränderungen im sozialen Gefüge der Dorfgemeinschaft, in den Geschlechterbeziehungen, den translokalen Zugehörigkeiten und der territorialen Wahrnehmung.
Ökotourismus; Mensch-Natur-Beziehungen; Genderforschung; Kulturelle Identität; Kulturelle Repräsentation; Mexiko; Translokalität; Naturverbundenheit; Sozialgefüge; Wirtschaft; Migration; Globalisierung; Tourismus; Ethnologie; Nachhaltigkeit; Umweltgeschichte; Ecotourism; Human-nature Relationship; Gender Research; Cultural Identity; Mexico; Translocality; Closeness To Nature; Social Fabric; Economy; Globalization; Tourism; Ethnology; Sustainability; Environmental History --- Closeness To Nature. --- Cultural Identity. --- Economy. --- Environmental History. --- Ethnology. --- Gender Research. --- Globalization. --- Human-nature Relationship. --- Mexico. --- Migration. --- Social Fabric. --- Sustainability. --- Tourism. --- Translocality.
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Computer science --- Numerical approximation theory --- Pitman's measure of closeness --- Wavelets --- Wavelets (Mathematics) --- 534 --- #TELE:MI2 --- 517.518.8 --- 519.6 --- 681.3*G12 --- Wavelet analysis --- Harmonic analysis --- Vibrations. Acoustics --- Approximation of functions by polynomials and their generalizations --- Computational mathematics. Numerical analysis. Computer programming --- Approximation: chebyshev; elementary function; least squares; linear approximation; minimax approximation and algorithms; nonlinear and rational approximation; spline and piecewise polynomial approximation (Numerical analysis) --- Pitman's measure of closeness. --- Wavelets (Mathematics). --- 681.3*G12 Approximation: chebyshev; elementary function; least squares; linear approximation; minimax approximation and algorithms; nonlinear and rational approximation; spline and piecewise polynomial approximation (Numerical analysis) --- 519.6 Computational mathematics. Numerical analysis. Computer programming --- 517.518.8 Approximation of functions by polynomials and their generalizations --- 534 Vibrations. Acoustics
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The articles in this volume are the outcome of the successful BRIDGE Workshop held in Düsseldorf in 2014. The workshop gathered a number of distinguished researchers from formal semantics and conceptual semantics and aimed to initiate a deeper conversation and collaboration instead of separating the two sides as competing views. The workshop provided a platform to further discuss parallelisms on specific semantic issues on the one hand and on the other hand to confront opposed claims from the two different perspectives. This volume represents a selected number of high-quality papers presented at the workshop featuring various approaches to meaning from linguistics, logic and philosophy of language. This series explores issues of mental representation, linguistic structure and representation, and their interplay. The research presented in this series is grounded in the idea explored in the Collaborative Research Center 'The structure of representations in language, cognition and science' (SFB 991) that there is a universal format for the representation of linguistic and cognitive concepts.
LANGUAGE ARTS & DISCIPLINES / General. --- Alex Dainiak. --- Antje Roßdeutscher. --- BRIDGE Workshop. --- Collaborative Research Center. --- Dependency. --- Die Struktur von Repräsentationen in Sprache, Kognition und Wissenschaft. --- E. Allyn Smith. --- Gerhard Schurz. --- Gricean Perspective. --- Hana Filip. --- Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf. --- Henk Zeevat. --- Kinds. --- Laura Kallmeyer. --- Live Meanings. --- Lotte Hogeweg. --- Louise McNally. --- Martin Stokhof. --- Meaning in Use. --- Michiel van Lambalgen. --- Natalia Zevakhina. --- Paul Dekker. --- Peter Indefrey. --- Ralf Naumann. --- Robert D. Van Valin, Jr. --- SFB 991. --- Sander Lestrade. --- Scott Grimm. --- Sebastian Löbner. --- Sonderforschungsbereich 991. --- The structure of representations in language, cognition and science. --- Tillmann Pross. --- conceptual closeness. --- conceptual semantics. --- corpus-based approach. --- dynamic frame theory. --- formal semantics. --- frame theory. --- lexicon. --- linguistic representation. --- linguistic structure. --- mental representation. --- overspecification. --- semantic constraint.
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Americans are disgusted with watching politicians screaming and yelling at one another on television. But does all the noise really make a difference? Drawing on numerous studies, Diana Mutz provides the first comprehensive look at the consequences of in-your-face politics. Her book contradicts the conventional wisdom by documenting both the benefits and the drawbacks of in-your-face media."In-your-face" politics refers to both the level of incivility and the up-close and personal way that we experience political conflict on television. Just as actual physical closeness intensifies people's emotional reactions to others, the appearance of closeness on a video screen has similar effects. We tend to keep our distance from those with whom we disagree. Modern media, however, puts those we dislike in our faces in a way that intensifies our negative reactions. Mutz finds that incivility is particularly detrimental to facilitating respect for oppositional political viewpoints and to citizens' levels of trust in politicians and the political process. On the positive side, incivility and close-up camera perspectives contribute to making politics more physiologically arousing and entertaining to viewers. This encourages more attention to political programs, stimulates recall of the content, and encourages people to relay content to others.In the end, In-Your-Face Politics demonstrates why political incivility is not easily dismissed as a disservice to democracy-it may even be a necessity in an age with so much competition for citizens' attention.
Mass media --- Television in politics --- Political aspects --- United States. --- Internet. --- audiences. --- audiovisual medium. --- autonomic nervous system. --- broadcasts. --- camera perspective. --- civil behavior. --- closeness. --- democracy. --- democratic process. --- emotional arousal. --- excitation. --- experimental treatments. --- government. --- in-your-face politics. --- incivility. --- interpersonal distance. --- mainstream media. --- media effects. --- news consumption. --- news programs. --- newspapers. --- opposition. --- polarization. --- polite conversation. --- political advocates. --- political communication. --- political conflict. --- political cynicism. --- political discourse. --- political incivility. --- political programs. --- political television. --- political trust. --- political views. --- politicians. --- politics. --- public controversy. --- public perceptions. --- radio. --- real world. --- shout shows. --- television. --- viewership data. --- violent media. --- visual content.
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