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Millions of people worldwide are affected by neurological disorders which disrupt the connections within the brain and between brain and body causing impairments of primary functions and paralysis. Such a number is likely to increase in the next years and current assistive technology is yet limited. A possible response to such disabilities, offered by the neuroscience community, is given by Brain-Machine Interfaces (BMIs) and neuroprostheses. The latter field of research is highly multidisciplinary, since it involves very different and disperse scientific communities, making it fundamental to create connections and to join research efforts. Indeed, the design and development of neuroprosthetic devices span/involve different research topics such as: interfacing of neural systems at different levels of architectural complexity (from in vitro neuronal ensembles to human brain), bio-artificial interfaces for stimulation (e.g. micro-stimulation, DBS: Deep Brain Stimulation) and recording (e.g. EMG: Electromyography, EEG: Electroencephalography, LFP: Local Field Potential), innovative signal processing tools for coding and decoding of neural activity, biomimetic artificial Spiking Neural Networks (SNN) and neural network modeling. In order to develop functional communication with the nervous system and to create a new generation of neuroprostheses, the study of closed-loop systems is mandatory. It has been widely recognized that closed-loop neuroprosthetic systems achieve more favorable outcomes for users then equivalent open-loop devices. Improvements in task performance, usability, and embodiment have all been reported in systems utilizing some form of feedback. The bi-directional communication between living neurons and artificial devices is the main final goal of those studies. However, closed-loop systems are still uncommon in the literature, mostly due to requirement of multidisciplinary effort. Therefore, through eBook on closed-loop systems for next-generation neuroprostheses, we encourage an active discussion among neurobiologists, electrophysiologists, bioengineers, computational neuroscientists and neuromorphic engineers. This eBook aims to facilitate this process by ordering the 25 contributions of this research in which we highlighted in three different parts: (A) Optimization of different blocks composing the closed-loop system, (B) Systems for neuromodulation based on DBS, EMG and SNN and (C) Closed-loop BMIs for rehabilitation.

neuromodulation --- closed-loop experiments --- artificial spiking neural network --- neuroprostheses --- neuronal circuits --- stimulation

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Millions of people worldwide are affected by neurological disorders which disrupt the connections within the brain and between brain and body causing impairments of primary functions and paralysis. Such a number is likely to increase in the next years and current assistive technology is yet limited. A possible response to such disabilities, offered by the neuroscience community, is given by Brain-Machine Interfaces (BMIs) and neuroprostheses. The latter field of research is highly multidisciplinary, since it involves very different and disperse scientific communities, making it fundamental to create connections and to join research efforts. Indeed, the design and development of neuroprosthetic devices span/involve different research topics such as: interfacing of neural systems at different levels of architectural complexity (from in vitro neuronal ensembles to human brain), bio-artificial interfaces for stimulation (e.g. micro-stimulation, DBS: Deep Brain Stimulation) and recording (e.g. EMG: Electromyography, EEG: Electroencephalography, LFP: Local Field Potential), innovative signal processing tools for coding and decoding of neural activity, biomimetic artificial Spiking Neural Networks (SNN) and neural network modeling. In order to develop functional communication with the nervous system and to create a new generation of neuroprostheses, the study of closed-loop systems is mandatory. It has been widely recognized that closed-loop neuroprosthetic systems achieve more favorable outcomes for users then equivalent open-loop devices. Improvements in task performance, usability, and embodiment have all been reported in systems utilizing some form of feedback. The bi-directional communication between living neurons and artificial devices is the main final goal of those studies. However, closed-loop systems are still uncommon in the literature, mostly due to requirement of multidisciplinary effort. Therefore, through eBook on closed-loop systems for next-generation neuroprostheses, we encourage an active discussion among neurobiologists, electrophysiologists, bioengineers, computational neuroscientists and neuromorphic engineers. This eBook aims to facilitate this process by ordering the 25 contributions of this research in which we highlighted in three different parts: (A) Optimization of different blocks composing the closed-loop system, (B) Systems for neuromodulation based on DBS, EMG and SNN and (C) Closed-loop BMIs for rehabilitation.

neuromodulation --- closed-loop experiments --- artificial spiking neural network --- neuroprostheses --- neuronal circuits --- stimulation

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This thesis consists in developing a position sensor in order to control a perma-
nent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM). It is the aim of an intership in the
MITIS company. The company is developing micro-CHP (Combined Heat and
Power) systems. These systems are mainly composed of a PMSM, a compressor,
a combustor and a turbine. In fact, the open-loop control already implemented
presents different issues of operating that need to be solved. For that, a closed-
loop control is necessary for a better efficiency of the global system. This one
needs an angular position sensor for its feedback information that is developed
in this work. The choice of the sensor is an Eddy current sensor characterized
for its low maintenance, its accuracy and its large range of rotation speed mea-
surement. Indeed, for this project, a rotation speed of 120 000 rpm need to be
reached by the motor. Moreover, it does not need a proximity with the magnet.
This thesis is composed of different chapters. First, the concept of micro tur-
bine, PMSM and its controller are presented. Then, a chapter that explain in
details how the sensor had been designed and manufactured regarding the me-
chanical and manufactured constraints. After, another chapter is dedicated to
the software development of the sensor with the difficulties encountered such as
the rapidity of data acquisition. Finally, a chapter about different closed-loop
controls that could be implemented is established and the advantages and dis-
advantages for each type of control are supported by simulations.
Finally, some good results are obtained. The sensor is unfortunately not tested
on a real motor but an experiment that allows to reach 5000 rpm is performed
and is successful. Moreover, the choice of the speed and torque closed-loop con-
trol is very promising regarding the results of the simulations with a very high
speed reached (120 000 rpm) and a low consumption of the current in the stator
windings (about 30A).

motor --- PMSM --- permanent --- magnet --- angle --- speed --- closed-loop --- rotation --- micro-turbine --- Ingénierie, informatique & technologie > Ingénierie électrique & électronique

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Feedback control systems --- 681.516.3 --- Feedback mechanisms --- Feedback systems --- Automatic control --- Automation --- Discrete-time systems --- Adaptive control systems --- Feedforward control systems --- Closed-loop control systems (feedback control systems) --- 681.516.3 Closed-loop control systems (feedback control systems) --- technische controle --- dynamica --- feedback --- Computer. Automation --- Regeltechnieken.

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Nowadays, the world is facing numerous problems that are directly related to human activity. Among them, two main categories that we cannot ignore are the ecological and the social issues. Indeed, unfortunate consequences such as unemployment or global warming rhythm the daily news. Therefore, we want to leverage this thesis to face these problems, and to see how improve the situation at our scale: the Walloon Region.
Nevertheless, many actors ranging from research centers to multinational corporations are trying to change the current system. To do so, the latter adopt the concept of “sustainable development” in their processes. Indeed, this concept emphasizes that the performance of a project must not only take into account its financial profitability, but must include environmental and social factors in its final purpose.
Among many of the sustainability measures, one that is noteworthy is the circular economy. This concept suggests that the current value chain of “make, use, dispose” is no longer sustainable and aims at implementing a loop in future value chains, in order to extend product lifecycles. Our partner for this master thesis, the CRM Group, is a supporter of sustainable business practices.
Consequently, this Masters’ thesis consists in the analysis of the CRM group’s project. Our partner provided us with the scientific proofs of the feasibility, meeting the aforementioned environmental and social issues, although we needed to analyze it to find out if the economic pillar is also sustained. To this end, the analysis will consist in iterations of different scenarios and business models, backed up by the skills acquired during a business engineering cursus, and in particular the optimization models.
As a conclusion, it is wise to note that this thesis’ main objective is to prove whether there is a business opportunity linked with the CRM group’s scientific project. In case of positive findings, the project would enable to create value from waste and thus contribute to the improvement and to the development of the Walloon region. A win-win situation, for every single project stakeholder.

Project management --- sustainability --- circular economy --- closed-loop supply chains --- value creation --- resources recovery --- metallurgy --- business models --- optimization models --- financial analysis --- Wallonia --- Sciences économiques & de gestion > Domaines particuliers de l'économie (santé, travail, transport...)