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Climatic conditions. --- Fertility. --- Parity. --- Pig. --- Seasonal variation. --- Variation.

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Plant physiology. Plant biophysics --- Biological rhythms in plants. --- Plant and Crop Sciences. Botany --- Plant Physiology --- Plant Development --- 581.54 --- 57.034 --- Climatic conditions. Seasons. Cosmic factors in plant ecology. Phenology --- Cyclic variations, oscillation. Rhythmicity. --- Plant Physiology. --- Plant Development. --- 57.034 Cyclic variations, oscillation. Rhythmicity. --- 581.54 Climatic conditions. Seasons. Cosmic factors in plant ecology. Phenology

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Paramo ecology --- Paramo plants --- Paramos --- Bryophyta = Musci = mosses --- Colombia --- Costa Rica --- Ecuador --- Lichens --- Marchantiophyta = Hepaticae = liverworts --- Panama --- Peru --- Páramos --- Venezuela --- checklists --- vascular plants --- 581.54 --- Climatic conditions. Seasons. Cosmic factors in plant ecology. Phenology --- 581.54 Climatic conditions. Seasons. Cosmic factors in plant ecology. Phenology --- Plateaus --- Plants --- Ecology --- ECOSYSTEMS --- PARAMO --- ANDEAN GROUP --- BIBLIOGRAPHIES --- PLANTS --- CHECKLISTS --- GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION

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The aim of the present study was to investigate the behavioural responses to different climatic demands of growing dairy heifers, during winter at a latitude of 60°N. Two groups (n = 11, 12) of yearling dairy heifers were housed in two similar 3-ha enclosures, characterised by deciduous forest, ley and pasture. Each enclosure also contained a lying area, a heated water source and a feed bunk from which the heifers had free access to grass silage. The behaviour and location of each heifer were recorded by instant interval observations every 5 min between 0600 h and 2000 h during 23 observation days spread over the entire winter period. Outdoor temperature, wind speed and solar radiation were measured continuously. The climatic energy demand (CED, W m–2) was measured with a heated animal model. The climate had significant effects on all the main activities and on the location of the heifers. Higher CED values corresponded to a greater number of observations of heifers in the lying area, and a greater incidence of lying and of ruminating, but to a decreased incidence of eating and grazing. Increased migration to the forested areas instead of to open areas reflected increasing CED values. The results from the present study show that dairy heifers adapt their behavioural activity and choice of location to the climatic conditions, to reduce energy expenditure. Thus, dairy heifers can be sustained in a cold climate if they are provided with wind breaks and dry lying places.

Access. --- Activity. --- Animal model. --- Animal-model. --- Animal. --- Area. --- Behaviour. --- Bos taurus. --- Choice. --- Climatic conditions. --- Dairy cattle. --- Demand. --- Energy. --- Grazing. --- Group. --- Heifers. --- Lying. --- Migration. --- Model. --- Observation. --- Pasture. --- Response. --- Responses. --- Temperature. --- Winter climate.

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Plant physiology. Plant biophysics --- Biological rhythms in plants --- Biologische ritmen bij planten --- Plants--Periodicity --- Rythmes biologiques des plantes --- 57.034 --- 581.54 --- Cyclic variations, oscillation. Rhythmicity. --- Climatic conditions. Seasons. Cosmic factors in plant ecology. Phenology --- Biological rhythms in plants. --- 581.54 Climatic conditions. Seasons. Cosmic factors in plant ecology. Phenology --- 57.034 Cyclic variations, oscillation. Rhythmicity. --- Plants --- Plant physiology --- Cyclic variations, oscillation. Rhythmicity --- Periodicity --- CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS --- PLANTS --- MOTION --- TEXTBOOKS --- RHYTHM --- LUNAR RHYTHM --- HUMANS --- BIOLOGICAL CLOCKS --- OSCILLATIONS --- PHOTOPERIODISM --- TIDAL RHYTHM