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The present book discusses three significant challenges of the built environment, namely regional and global climate change, vulnerability, and survivability under the changing climate. Synergies between local climate change, energy consumption of buildings and energy poverty, and health risks highlight the necessity to develop mitigation strategies to counterbalance overheating impacts. The studies presented here assess the underlying issues related to urban overheating. Further, the impacts of temperature extremes on the low-income population and increased morbidity and mortality have been discussed. The increasing intensity, duration, and frequency of heatwaves due to human-caused climate change is shown to affect underserved populations. Thus, housing policies on resident exposure to intra-urban heat have been assessed. Finally, opportunities to mitigate urban overheating have been proposed and discussed.

Mediterranean --- semi-arid --- drought --- standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI) --- climate warming --- soil moisture --- urban heat islands --- environmental justice --- climate change --- redlining --- heatwave --- diurnal temperature range --- time-series --- relative risk --- health --- transpiration cooling --- coastal cities --- sap flow --- subtropical desert climate --- urban overheating --- cluster analysis --- air temperature --- wind speed and wind directions --- synoptic conditions --- urban heat island --- mitigation --- resilience --- survivability --- low-income population

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The present book discusses three significant challenges of the built environment, namely regional and global climate change, vulnerability, and survivability under the changing climate. Synergies between local climate change, energy consumption of buildings and energy poverty, and health risks highlight the necessity to develop mitigation strategies to counterbalance overheating impacts. The studies presented here assess the underlying issues related to urban overheating. Further, the impacts of temperature extremes on the low-income population and increased morbidity and mortality have been discussed. The increasing intensity, duration, and frequency of heatwaves due to human-caused climate change is shown to affect underserved populations. Thus, housing policies on resident exposure to intra-urban heat have been assessed. Finally, opportunities to mitigate urban overheating have been proposed and discussed.

Research & information: general --- Mediterranean --- semi-arid --- drought --- standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI) --- climate warming --- soil moisture --- urban heat islands --- environmental justice --- climate change --- redlining --- heatwave --- diurnal temperature range --- time-series --- relative risk --- health --- transpiration cooling --- coastal cities --- sap flow --- subtropical desert climate --- urban overheating --- cluster analysis --- air temperature --- wind speed and wind directions --- synoptic conditions --- urban heat island --- mitigation --- resilience --- survivability --- low-income population

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As the most prominent and complicated terrain on the globe, the Tibetan Plateau (TP) is often called the “Roof of the World”, “Third Pole” or “Asian Water Tower”. The energy and water cycles in the Third Pole have great impacts on the atmospheric circulation, Asian monsoon system and global climate change. On the other hand, the TP and the surrounding higher elevation area are also experiencing evident and rapid environmental changes under the background of global warming. As the headwater area of major rivers in Asia, the TP’s environmental changes—such as glacial retreat, snow melting, lake expanding and permafrost degradation—pose potential long-term threats to water resources of the local and surrounding regions. To promote quantitative understanding of energy and water cycles of the TP, several field campaigns, including GAME/Tibet, CAMP/Tibet and TORP, have been carried out. A large amount of data have been collected to gain a better understanding of the atmospheric boundary layer structure, turbulent heat fluxes and their coupling with atmospheric circulation and hydrological processes. The focus of this reprint is to present recent advances in quantifying land–atmosphere interactions, the water cycle and its components, energy balance components, climate change and hydrological feedbacks by in situ measurements, remote sensing or numerical modelling approaches in the “Third Pole” region.

Tibetan Plateau --- climate warming --- lake surface temperature --- heat exchange --- lake ice phenology --- terrestrial evapotranspiration --- convection-permitting modeling --- monsoon season --- non-monsoon season --- Sichuan Basin --- water vapor budget --- summer precipitation --- water resource variation --- Indian Ocean --- East Asia climate --- vertical motion of air --- surface characteristic parameter --- radiation fluxes --- observation data --- land-atmosphere interaction --- WRF-Hydro model --- runoff --- precipitation --- three river source region --- surface fluxes --- HYSPLIT_v4 model --- water vapor transport --- singular value decomposition --- glacier modeling --- mass balance --- full-Stokes model --- ET --- Qinghai Province --- driving factors --- elevation-dependency --- i-PFASs --- China --- river --- lake --- the Tibetan Plateau --- n/a

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The world steel industry is strongly based on coal/coke in ironmaking, resulting in huge carbon dioxide emissions corresponding to approximately 7% of the total anthropogenic CO2 emissions. As the world is experiencing a period of imminent threat owing to climate change, the steel industry is also facing a tremendous challenge in next decades. This themed issue makes a survey on the current situation of steel production, energy consumption, and CO2 emissions, as well as cross-sections of the potential methods to decrease CO2 emissions in current processes via improved energy and materials efficiency, increasing recycling, utilizing alternative energy sources, and adopting CO2 capture and storage. The current state, problems and plans in the two biggest steel producing countries, China and India are introduced. Generally contemplating, incremental improvements in current processes play a key role in rapid mitigation of specific emissions, but finally they are insufficient when striving for carbon neutral production in the long run. Then hydrogen and electrification are the apparent solutions also to iron and steel production. The book gives a holistic overview of the current situation and challenges, and an inclusive compilation of the potential technologies and solutions for the global CO2 emissions problem.

Technology: general issues --- ironmaking --- carbon emissions --- energy consumption --- flash ironmaking process --- alternate ironmaking processes --- direct reduction --- smelting reduction --- iron ore concentrate --- natural gas --- digitalization --- digital technologies --- digital transformation --- steel industry --- digital skills --- industrial restructuring --- carbon emission --- technology upgrade --- steel --- environment --- mining --- production --- circular economy --- lean and frugal design --- ecology transition --- climate change --- pollution --- toxicology --- metals --- metallic products --- environmental impact --- carbon capture and storage --- CO2 mineralization --- steelmaking slags --- nanoparticles --- life cycle assessment (LCA) --- by-products --- industrial symbiosis --- reuse --- recycling --- CO2 mitigation --- hydrogen --- kinetics --- fossil-free steel --- hydrogen direct-reduced iron (H2DRI) --- melting of H2DRI in EAF (Electric Arc Furnace) --- hydrogen production by water electrolysis --- hydrogen storage --- grid balancing --- renewable electricity --- climate warming --- carbon footprint --- energy saving --- emissions mitigation --- electricity generation --- hydrogen in steelmaking --- steel vision --- mini blast furnace --- charcoal --- mathematical model --- gas injection --- kinetic models --- self-reducing burden --- iron ore --- coking coal --- DRI --- scrap --- blue dust --- decarbonization --- n/a

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The world steel industry is strongly based on coal/coke in ironmaking, resulting in huge carbon dioxide emissions corresponding to approximately 7% of the total anthropogenic CO2 emissions. As the world is experiencing a period of imminent threat owing to climate change, the steel industry is also facing a tremendous challenge in next decades. This themed issue makes a survey on the current situation of steel production, energy consumption, and CO2 emissions, as well as cross-sections of the potential methods to decrease CO2 emissions in current processes via improved energy and materials efficiency, increasing recycling, utilizing alternative energy sources, and adopting CO2 capture and storage. The current state, problems and plans in the two biggest steel producing countries, China and India are introduced. Generally contemplating, incremental improvements in current processes play a key role in rapid mitigation of specific emissions, but finally they are insufficient when striving for carbon neutral production in the long run. Then hydrogen and electrification are the apparent solutions also to iron and steel production. The book gives a holistic overview of the current situation and challenges, and an inclusive compilation of the potential technologies and solutions for the global CO2 emissions problem.

Technology: general issues --- ironmaking --- carbon emissions --- energy consumption --- flash ironmaking process --- alternate ironmaking processes --- direct reduction --- smelting reduction --- iron ore concentrate --- natural gas --- digitalization --- digital technologies --- digital transformation --- steel industry --- digital skills --- industrial restructuring --- carbon emission --- technology upgrade --- steel --- environment --- mining --- production --- circular economy --- lean and frugal design --- ecology transition --- climate change --- pollution --- toxicology --- metals --- metallic products --- environmental impact --- carbon capture and storage --- CO2 mineralization --- steelmaking slags --- nanoparticles --- life cycle assessment (LCA) --- by-products --- industrial symbiosis --- reuse --- recycling --- CO2 mitigation --- hydrogen --- kinetics --- fossil-free steel --- hydrogen direct-reduced iron (H2DRI) --- melting of H2DRI in EAF (Electric Arc Furnace) --- hydrogen production by water electrolysis --- hydrogen storage --- grid balancing --- renewable electricity --- climate warming --- carbon footprint --- energy saving --- emissions mitigation --- electricity generation --- hydrogen in steelmaking --- steel vision --- mini blast furnace --- charcoal --- mathematical model --- gas injection --- kinetic models --- self-reducing burden --- iron ore --- coking coal --- DRI --- scrap --- blue dust --- decarbonization