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Vote-buying is pervasive, but not everywhere. What explains significant variations across countries in the greater use of pre-electoral transfers to mobilize voters relative to the use of pre-electoral promises of post-electoral transfers? This paper explicitly models the trade-offs that politicians incur when they decide between mobilizing support with vote-buying or promises of post-electoral benefits. Politicians rely more on vote-buying when they are less credible, target vote-buying to those who do not believe their political promises, and only buy votes from those who would have received post-electoral transfers in a world of full political credibility. The enforcement of a prohibition on vote-buying reduces the welfare of those targeted with vote-buying, but improves the welfare of all other groups in society.

Civic Participation and Corporate Governance --- Electoral Mobilization Strategies --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Political Credibility --- Politics and Government --- Pre-Electoral Promises --- Vote-Buying --- Wages, Compensation & Benefits

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During the past decade, the Vietnamese securities market has made large strides and secured a firm position as a channel for mid-term and long-term capital mobilization for national economic development. However, the management and regulations of an emerging securities market have posed numerous challenges to the national securities regulator - the State Securities Commission (SSC). In its role to establish, regulate, and supervise the securities market applying international corporate governance (CG) standards and best practices, the SSC has taken the initiative in obtaining assistance from international organizations to help establish more transparent and efficient securities market operations. Therefore, the SSC and International Finance Corporation (IFC) are partners in several initiatives to improve CG in Vietnam. The development of the Vietnam CG scorecard and the associated scorecard report is part of this wider CG project to assist the regulator to enhance the application of international CG standards and practices. This initial survey of CG practices in Vietnam is the baseline review of CG in Vietnam. It encompasses a survey of some 100 companies listed on the Hanoi and the Ho Chi Minh stock exchanges, which together represent more than 90 percent of the combined market capitalization of these exchanges. The scorecard report is expected to: provide a standardized, systematic framework by which regulators and investors may assess the CG of a company and the overall level of CG in Vietnam; enable a company to assess the quality of its CG and to stimulate companies to enhance their practices; provide a systematic way to analyze CG across industries to assist improvements in CG practices; assist regulatory groups to identify strengths and weaknesses in CG regulations and practices, leading to further reforms; and be available to support the raising of awareness and understanding of good CG practices. The scorecard is a tool that regulators, companies, investors, and the marketplace can use to focus on CG and it will provide a common metric and language on CG in Vietnam. It opens up opportunities for dialogue on CG and allows for Vietnamese institutions to take appropriate steps to address the CG issues highlighted by the findings of the report.

Capital Markets and Capital Flows --- Civic Participation and Corporate Governance --- Data Collection --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Governance --- Multinational & Corporate Governance --- National Governance --- Private Sector Development

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This paper introduces a new explanation for political budget cycles: politicians have stronger incentives to increase spending around elections in the presence of younger political parties. Previous research has shown that political budget cycles are larger when voters are uninformed about politician characteristics and when politicians are less credible. The effects of party age can be traced to organizational differences between younger and older parties that also affect voter information and politician credibility. Parties organized around particular individuals, rather than around policy labels or a party machine, are less likely to survive the departure of party leaders, to adopt organizational attributes that promote voter information and political credibility, and to limit political budget cycles. Previous research has also shown larger political budget cycles in younger democracies. Evidence presented here indicates that party age accounts for this effect.

Civic Participation and Corporate Governance --- Consumption --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Organizational Differences --- Political Budget Cycles --- Political Credibility --- Political Parties --- Politics and Government

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International Finance Corporation (IFC), a member of the World Bank Group, creates opportunity for people to escape poverty and improve their lives. The Indonesia Corporate Governance Manual (CG Manual) was commissioned by IFC as part of the Indonesia Corporate Governance Program that IFC is implementing in Indonesia since 2012. As part of this Program, IFC has established a formal cooperation with Otoritas Jasa Keuangan (OJK). A key product of this cooperation between IFC and OJK is the development of this Indonesia Corporate Governance Manual, which serves as a learning instrument to benchmark existing standards and practices in Indonesia with internationally recognized best practices. In this respect, this Corporate Governance Manual should be considered as a major tool for Corporate Governance in Indonesia as it targets a wide spectrum of stakeholders, such as directors and commissioners, academics, policymakers, corporate governance experts and more generally, individuals and institutions interested to know about the corporate governance framework in Indonesia. IFC is happy to be part of this initiative with OJK and remains committed to helping raise governance standards across the market and contribute to a sustainable private sector in Indonesia. The Fifteen chapters of the Manual focus on the key corporate governance issues. All issues are closely examined through Indonesian law and regulations and when applicable, internationally recognized best practices. While it is recommended to read the entire Manual to gain a full understanding of the corporate governance framework in Indonesia, it is not necessary to read all the chapters in chronological order. The reader is encouraged to begin with a topic of interest and follow the links and references included in the text for guidance to other chapters. Examples, illustrations, and checklists are included to make the Manual clear and useful.

Civic Participation and Corporate Governance --- Corporate Data and Reporting --- Corporate Governance --- Corporate Social Responsibility --- Disclosure --- Governance --- Multinational & Corporate Governance --- Private Sector Development --- Securities --- State-Owned Enterprises

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Urban Environmental Education Review explores how environmental education can contribute to urban sustainability. Urban environmental education includes any practices that create learning opportunities to foster individual and community well-being and environmental quality in cities. It fosters novel educational approaches and helps debunk common assumptions that cities are ecologically barren and that city people don't care for, or need, urban nature or a healthy environment.Topics in Urban Environmental Education Review range from the urban context to theoretical underpinnings, educational settings, participants, and educational approaches in urban environmental education. Chapters integrate research and practice to help aspiring and practicing environmental educators, urban planners, and other environmental leaders achieve their goals in terms of education, youth and community development, and environmental quality in cities.The ten-essay series Urban EE Essays, excerpted from Urban Environmental Education Review, may be found here: naaee.org/eepro/resources/urban-ee-essays. These essays explore various perspectives on urban environmental education and may be reprinted/reproduced only with permission from Cornell University Press.ContributorsJennifer D. Adams, Brooklyn College, CUNY; Olivia M. Aguilar, Denison University; Shorna B. Allred, Cornell University; Daniel Fonseca de Andrade, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro; Scott Ashmann, University of Wisconsin-Green Bay; Dave Barbier, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point; M'Lis Bartlett, University of Michigan; Michael Barnett, Boston College; Simon Beames, University of Edinburgh; Chew-Hung Chang, Nanyang Technological University; Tzuchau Chang, Taiwan Normal University; Louise Chawla, University of Colorado Boulder; Lewis Ting On Cheung, Hong Kong Institute of Education; Belinda Chin, City of Seattle Parks and Recreation; Polly L. Knowlton Cockett, Grassroutes Ethnoecological Association; Laura B. Cole, University of Missouri; Jason Corwin, Seneca Nation; Amy Cutter-Mackenzie, Southern Cross University; Maria Daskolia, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens; Jacqueline Davis-Manigaulte, Cornell University Cooperative Extension; Victoria L. Derr, California State University, Monterey Bay; Giuliana Dettori, National Research Council of Italy; Bryce B. DuBois, Cornell University; Janet E. Dyment, University of Tasmania; Johanna Ekne, Ekne Ecology; Thomas Elmqvist, Stockholm University; Johan Enqvist, Stockholm University; Mariona Espinet, Autonomous University of Barcelona; Ellen Field, James Cook University; Rebecca L. Franzen, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point; David A. Greenwood, Lakehead University; Randolph Haluza-DeLay, King's University, Edmonton; Marna Hauk, Prescott College and Institute for Earth Regenerative Studies; Joe E. Heimlich, The Ohio State University; Alexander Hellquist, Uppsala University; Cecilia P. Herzog, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro; Yu Huang, Beijing Normal University; Hilary Inwood, University of Toronto; Marianna Kalaitsidaki, University of Crete; Matthew S. Kaplan, Pennsylvania State University; Chankook Kim, Korea National University of Education; Hiromi Kobori, Tokyo City University; Cecil Konijnendijk van den Bosch, University of British Columbia; Jada Renee Koushik, University of Saskatchewan; Marianne E. Krasny, Cornell University; Shelby Gull Laird, Stephen F. Austin State University; John Chi-Kin Lee, Hong Kong Institute of Education; Raul P. Lejano, New York University; Mary Leou, New York University; Kendra Liddicoat, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point; Shih-Tsen Nike Liu, University of Taipei; David Maddox, The Nature of Cities; Karen Malone, Western Sydney University; Mapula Priscilla Masilela, Rhodes University; Elizabeth P. McCann, Antioch University New England; Marcia McKenzie, University of Saskatchewan; Timon McPhearson, The New School; Sanskriti Menon, Centre for Environment Education; Denise Mitten, Prescott College; Martha C. Monroe, University of Florida; Timon McPhearson, The New School; Mutizwa Mukute, Rhodes University; Harini Nagendra, Azim Premji University; John Nzira, Ukuvuna-Urban Farming Projects; Lausanne Olvitt, Rhodes University; Illène Pevec, Fat City Farmers; Felix Pohl, Independent Sustainability Consultancy; Andrew Rudd, UN-Habitat; Alex Russ (Alexey Kudryavtsev), Cornell University; Tania M. Schusler, Loyola University Chicago; Soul Shava, University of South Africa; Philip Silva, Cornell University; Nonyameko Zintle Songqwaru, Rhodes University; Marc J. Stern, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University; Robert B. Stevenson, James Cook University; Erika S. Svendsen, USDA Forest Service; Geok Chin Ivy Tan, Nanyang Technological University; Cynthia Thomashow, IslandWood and Antioch University Seattle; Mitchell Thomashow, Philanthropy Northwest; Arjen E. J. Wals, Wageningen University; Kumara S. Ward, Western Sydney University; Robert Withrow-Clark, Butte College; Wanglin Yan, Keio University

Human ecology --- Urban ecology (Sociology) --- Cities and towns --- Urban ecology --- Urban environment --- Social ecology --- Sociology, Urban --- Environmental studies --- Study and teaching. --- Environmental aspects --- environmentalism, stewardship, environmental gentrification, civic participation.