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Recently, the attention paid to self-care tests and the easy and large screening of a high number of people has dramatically increased. Indeed, easy and affordable tools for the safe management of biological fluids together with self-diagnosis have emerged as compulsory requirements in this time of the COVID-19 pandemic, to lighten the pressure on public healthcare institutions and thus limiting the diffusion of infections. Obviously, other kinds of pathologies (cancer or other degenerative diseases) also continue to require attention, with progressively earlier and more widespread diagnoses. The contribution to the development of this research field comes from the areas of innovative plastic and 3D microfluidics, smart chemistry and the integration of miniaturized sensors, going in the direction of improving the performances of in vitro diagnostic (IVD) devices. In our Special Issue, we include papers describing easy strategies to identify diseases at the point-of-care and near-the-bed levels, but also dealing with innovative biomarkers, sample treatments, and chemistry processes which, in perspective, represent promising tools to be applied in the field.

light-emitting e-textiles --- alternating current electroluminescent devices --- light emitting diodes --- light electrochemical cells --- polymeric optical fibers --- fetal stem cells --- amniotic epithelial cells --- isolation protocol --- quality control --- label-free sorting --- diagnostic tool --- glucose --- glucose oxidase --- amperometric biosensor --- body fluids --- sweat --- wearable sensor --- oral cancer --- circulating tumor cells --- micromixers --- 3D microfluidics --- biodetection --- plastic microfluidics --- microfabrication --- cornea regeneration --- tissue engineering --- nanotechnology --- molecular mechanisms --- n/a

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With the advances in nanomaterials and nanofabrication, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) has been extensively developed and applied in the trace detection of various analytes in either a simple or a complicated sample matrix. This includes, but is not limited to, the detection of antibiotic residues in animal-producing meat products, detection of pathogenic bacteria in human body fluid, and detection of heavy metal contamination of water. This book, consisting two review articles and five research articles, covers the most recent progress and advancement in the development and application of various nanomaterials in SERS trace detection. In this book, a broad range of topics is covered, from the synthesis of novel nanomaterials that can provide improved reproducibility of SERS signals to the development of new application protocols that can facilitate the reliable detection of trace amounts of analytes without interfered by the sample matrices significantly. This book is a useful source for both new and advanced researchers in the field of SERS and its application.

Technology: general issues --- SERS --- Ag NPs --- coffee ring --- pesticide detection --- Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) --- wire mesh --- steel mesh --- SERS platform --- Escherichia coli --- Bacillus subtilis --- biomolecule --- surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) --- nanomaterial --- analysis --- identification --- biology --- chemometrics --- resistance --- biosensing --- rapid detection --- Ag nanowires --- tartrazine --- large yellow croaker --- surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy --- transformer aging --- concentration detection --- circulating tumor cells (CTC) --- prostate cancer (PC3) --- cervical carcinoma (HeLa) --- label-free detection --- SERS --- Ag NPs --- coffee ring --- pesticide detection --- Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) --- wire mesh --- steel mesh --- SERS platform --- Escherichia coli --- Bacillus subtilis --- biomolecule --- surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) --- nanomaterial --- analysis --- identification --- biology --- chemometrics --- resistance --- biosensing --- rapid detection --- Ag nanowires --- tartrazine --- large yellow croaker --- surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy --- transformer aging --- concentration detection --- circulating tumor cells (CTC) --- prostate cancer (PC3) --- cervical carcinoma (HeLa) --- label-free detection

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Recently, the attention paid to self-care tests and the easy and large screening of a high number of people has dramatically increased. Indeed, easy and affordable tools for the safe management of biological fluids together with self-diagnosis have emerged as compulsory requirements in this time of the COVID-19 pandemic, to lighten the pressure on public healthcare institutions and thus limiting the diffusion of infections. Obviously, other kinds of pathologies (cancer or other degenerative diseases) also continue to require attention, with progressively earlier and more widespread diagnoses. The contribution to the development of this research field comes from the areas of innovative plastic and 3D microfluidics, smart chemistry and the integration of miniaturized sensors, going in the direction of improving the performances of in vitro diagnostic (IVD) devices. In our Special Issue, we include papers describing easy strategies to identify diseases at the point-of-care and near-the-bed levels, but also dealing with innovative biomarkers, sample treatments, and chemistry processes which, in perspective, represent promising tools to be applied in the field.

Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- light-emitting e-textiles --- alternating current electroluminescent devices --- light emitting diodes --- light electrochemical cells --- polymeric optical fibers --- fetal stem cells --- amniotic epithelial cells --- isolation protocol --- quality control --- label-free sorting --- diagnostic tool --- glucose --- glucose oxidase --- amperometric biosensor --- body fluids --- sweat --- wearable sensor --- oral cancer --- circulating tumor cells --- micromixers --- 3D microfluidics --- biodetection --- plastic microfluidics --- microfabrication --- cornea regeneration --- tissue engineering --- nanotechnology --- molecular mechanisms --- light-emitting e-textiles --- alternating current electroluminescent devices --- light emitting diodes --- light electrochemical cells --- polymeric optical fibers --- fetal stem cells --- amniotic epithelial cells --- isolation protocol --- quality control --- label-free sorting --- diagnostic tool --- glucose --- glucose oxidase --- amperometric biosensor --- body fluids --- sweat --- wearable sensor --- oral cancer --- circulating tumor cells --- micromixers --- 3D microfluidics --- biodetection --- plastic microfluidics --- microfabrication --- cornea regeneration --- tissue engineering --- nanotechnology --- molecular mechanisms

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Small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) is the most aggressive form of lung cancer: No significant progress has been made in finding new treatments for decades and platinum-based chemotherapy has for a long time represented the standard of care. This therapeutic scenario has recently changed, thanks to positive results in terms of improvement of overall survival obtained with a combination of checkpoint inhibitors (atezolizumab or durvalumab) with platinum-etoposide in patients with extensive disease. Moreover, nivolumab and pembrolizumab showed antitumor activity and received U.S. FDA approval as single agents in patients pretreated with platinum-based therapy and at least one other therapy. The improvement in the knowledge of the biology of SCLC has led to the development of new experimental therapies that have shown promising results, including poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors, anti-Notch ligand Delta-like protein 3 (anti-DLL3), antibody–drug conjugates, and aurora kinase inhibitors. Future challenges are the identification of predictive biomarkers for immunotherapy, the definition of the role of new biological agents, and the improvement of integrated approached for limited disease. This Special Issue will highlight the current state of treatment of extensive SCLC, focusing on the biology of SCLC, immune-checkpoint inhibitors, PARP inhibitors, and novel cytotoxic chemotherapy and radiotherapy techniques.

immune checkpoint inhibitors --- extensive-stage small cell lung cancer --- nivolumab --- ipilimumab --- pembrolizumab --- atezolizumab --- durvalumab --- chemotherapy --- small-cell lung cancer --- lobectomy --- pneumonectomy --- radiotherapy --- multimodal treatment --- immunotherapy --- SCLC --- PARP --- DDR --- ICB --- synthetic lethality --- SLFN11 --- STING --- pathology and classification of SCLC --- biology of SCLC --- immune-checkpoint inhibitors in SCLC --- small cell lung cancer --- Immunotherapy --- extensive disease --- lurbinectedin --- gene pathway --- pathobiology --- targeted therapy --- circulating tumor cells --- prognostic biomarker --- targeted agents --- n/a

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Improved understanding of the cellular and molecular makeup of tumors in the last 30 years has unraveled a previously unexpected level of heterogeneity among tumor cells as well as within the tumor microenvironment. The concept of tumor heterogeneity underlines the realization that different tumors can display significant differences in their genomic content as well as in their overall behavior. Our capacity to better understand the heterogeneous make up of tumors has very important consequences on our ability to design efficient therapeutic strategies to improve patient survival. This book highlights several aspects of tumor heterogeneity in the context of metastatic development and summarize some of the challenges posed by heterogeneity for tumor diagnostics and therapeutic management of tumors.

Medicine --- clear cell renal cell carcinoma --- tumor evolution --- tumor ecology --- intratumor heterogeneity --- multisite tumor sampling --- targeted therapy --- uterine carcinosarcoma --- endometrial carcinoma --- metaplastic carcinoma --- epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition --- clonality --- mutation --- TP53 --- PI3K/AKT pathway --- gene expression --- miRNA expression --- tumor microenvironment --- interstitial pH --- acidosis --- tumor heterogeneity --- magnetic resonance imaging --- hyperpolarized 13C MRI --- carbonic anhydrase --- lactic acid --- positron emission tomography --- esophageal squamous cell carcinoma --- precision medicine --- natural killer cells --- tumor mutation burden --- immunotherapy --- PET --- heterogeneity --- radiomics --- radiopharmaceuticals --- SUV --- nuclear medicine --- colon cancer --- Wnt signaling --- phenotypic plasticity --- EMT --- hybrid E/M --- collective and single-cell migration --- beta-catenin paradox --- breast cancer --- immune microenvironment --- DCIS --- ADH --- mammary gland --- cell fate --- 3D cultures --- organoids --- signaling --- single-cell RNAseq --- tumor endothelial cell --- metastasis --- angiocrine factor --- microsatellite instability --- colorectal cancer --- immune checkpoints --- deficient mismatch repair --- plasticity --- biomechanics --- circulating tumor cells (CTCs) --- extracellular vesicles --- metastatic niche --- epigenetics --- CTC-clusters --- single-cell analysis --- cellular heterogeneity --- circulating tumor cells --- pancreatic cancer --- epithelial mesenchymal plasticity --- target discovery --- review --- genomics --- intra-tumour heterogeneity --- subclonal diversity --- treatment resistance --- clear cell renal cell carcinoma --- tumor evolution --- tumor ecology --- intratumor heterogeneity --- multisite tumor sampling --- targeted therapy --- uterine carcinosarcoma --- endometrial carcinoma --- metaplastic carcinoma --- epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition --- clonality --- mutation --- TP53 --- PI3K/AKT pathway --- gene expression --- miRNA expression --- tumor microenvironment --- interstitial pH --- acidosis --- tumor heterogeneity --- magnetic resonance imaging --- hyperpolarized 13C MRI --- carbonic anhydrase --- lactic acid --- positron emission tomography --- esophageal squamous cell carcinoma --- precision medicine --- natural killer cells --- tumor mutation burden --- immunotherapy --- PET --- heterogeneity --- radiomics --- radiopharmaceuticals --- SUV --- nuclear medicine --- colon cancer --- Wnt signaling --- phenotypic plasticity --- EMT --- hybrid E/M --- collective and single-cell migration --- beta-catenin paradox --- breast cancer --- immune microenvironment --- DCIS --- ADH --- mammary gland --- cell fate --- 3D cultures --- organoids --- signaling --- single-cell RNAseq --- tumor endothelial cell --- metastasis --- angiocrine factor --- microsatellite instability --- colorectal cancer --- immune checkpoints --- deficient mismatch repair --- plasticity --- biomechanics --- circulating tumor cells (CTCs) --- extracellular vesicles --- metastatic niche --- epigenetics --- CTC-clusters --- single-cell analysis --- cellular heterogeneity --- circulating tumor cells --- pancreatic cancer --- epithelial mesenchymal plasticity --- target discovery --- review --- genomics --- intra-tumour heterogeneity --- subclonal diversity --- treatment resistance