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"This book explores the role of law and policy in circular economy transitions and their impacts on justice, including on distributional equity and recognition and procedural rights, especially for people already marginalised under the current dominant economic system. Amid increasing demand for virgin raw materials, and unsustainable consumption and waste disposal that are driving the global ecological and climate crisis, there are growing calls to urgently transition to circular economies. Despite an increasing number of circular approaches being adopted, implemented, and integrated in national and local laws and policies, the number of commercially successful business stories remains isolated. Moreover, questions about whether circular economy laws and policies are delivering fair and just global outcomes need to be addressed. This book examines this significant knowledge gap to understand legal experiences, including justice and equity issues in the global context, so that these can inform wider design and implementation. The book begins by explaining the concept of a circular economy and its context within wider issues of sustainable development and justice. The first part of the book then examines the legal context of the circular economy by analysing legal forms in practice and those recommended in wider scholarship before considering how these could impact on existing inequity and injustices globally. The second part delivers an empirical understanding of the implications of the law on circular economy approaches and the global equity and justice dimensions through two case studies on solid waste management and forestry. The final part addresses legal opportunities and challenges for wider implementation of circular economy approaches that incorporate justice into its framing. This book will be of great interest to students, scholars, and practitioners of environmental and natural resource law and policy, circular economy, industrial ecology, natural resource management, and sustainable development more broadly"--

Circular economy.

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Circular economy.

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I. Introduction -- II. Sustainability Assessments: Experience and Conceptual Issues -- A. Experience with Use of Sustainability Templates -- B. Assessment -- C. Summary -- III. Calibration of Sensitivity Tests -- A. Event Study Approach -- B. Stochastic Simulation Approach -- Probability Density Function of Debt Outcomes -- Calibration of Sensitivity Tests in Standard Template -- C. Summary -- IV. Scenario Analysis -- V. Contingent Liabilities -- A. Stress-Test Approach -- B. Cross-Country Evidence -- C. Summary -- VI. Interpreting Debt Ratios -- A. Debt Thresholds -- B. Debt-Stabilizing Primary Surplus -- C. Financing Needs -- D. Summary -- VII. Proposed Changes and Enhancements -- A. Design, Use, and Resource Implications of the Standard Template -- B. Publication of Debt Sustainability Assessments -- VIII. Issues for Discussion -- References -- Text Tables -- 1. Preparation and Publication of Debt Sustainability Analysis Using Standard Template -- 2. Examples of Contingent Liabilities -- 3. Estimated Costs of Banking Crisis Across Selected Financial System Indicators -- 4. Revised External Debt Sustainability Template -- 5. Revised Public Debt Sustainability Template -- Figures -- 1. Pre-Crisis Trends in Key Variables -- 2. Stochastic Simulation of Debt Ratio -- 3. Probabilistic Bounds and P-values -- 4. Frequency Distributions of P-values of First, Second, and Third Most Extreme Sensitivity Tests -- 5. Estimated Costs of Banking Crises -- 6. Public and External Debt Ratios in Sovereign Debt Crisis -- 7. Fitted Probability of Sovereign Debt Crisis -- 8. Debt Ratio and Gross External Financing Need -- Boxes -- 1. How Good (or Bad) are WEO Projections of External and Public Debt? -- 2. Presentation of DSA in Staff Reports: An Example -- 3. Retrospective Debt Sustainability Analysis in Four Capital Account Crises -- 4. An Early Warning Model of Sovereign Debt Crises -- 5. Proposed Enhancements to Standard Debt Sustainability Framework -- Appendices -- I. Errors in WEO Projections of Public and External Debt -- II. Stochastic Simulation of External Debt Ratio -- III. Cross-Country Evidence on the Cost of Banking Crises -- IV. Methods Employed by Investment Houses and Rating Agencies for Assessing Debt Sustainability.

Circular economy.

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The development of a closed-loop cycle is a necessary condition so as to develop a circular economy model as an alternative to the linear model, in order to maintain the value of products and materials for as long as possible. For this motive, the definition of the value must be demonstrated for both the environment and the economy. The presence of these analyses should be associated with the social dimension and the human component. A strong cooperation between social and technical profiles is a new challenge for all researchers. End of life of products attract a lot of attention, and the final output could be the production of technologies suitable for managing this waste.

Circular economy.

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I. Introduction -- II. Sustainability Assessments: Experience and Conceptual Issues -- A. Experience with Use of Sustainability Templates -- B. Assessment -- C. Summary -- III. Calibration of Sensitivity Tests -- A. Event Study Approach -- B. Stochastic Simulation Approach -- Probability Density Function of Debt Outcomes -- Calibration of Sensitivity Tests in Standard Template -- C. Summary -- IV. Scenario Analysis -- V. Contingent Liabilities -- A. Stress-Test Approach -- B. Cross-Country Evidence -- C. Summary -- VI. Interpreting Debt Ratios -- A. Debt Thresholds -- B. Debt-Stabilizing Primary Surplus -- C. Financing Needs -- D. Summary -- VII. Proposed Changes and Enhancements -- A. Design, Use, and Resource Implications of the Standard Template -- B. Publication of Debt Sustainability Assessments -- VIII. Issues for Discussion -- References -- Text Tables -- 1. Preparation and Publication of Debt Sustainability Analysis Using Standard Template -- 2. Examples of Contingent Liabilities -- 3. Estimated Costs of Banking Crisis Across Selected Financial System Indicators -- 4. Revised External Debt Sustainability Template -- 5. Revised Public Debt Sustainability Template -- Figures -- 1. Pre-Crisis Trends in Key Variables -- 2. Stochastic Simulation of Debt Ratio -- 3. Probabilistic Bounds and P-values -- 4. Frequency Distributions of P-values of First, Second, and Third Most Extreme Sensitivity Tests -- 5. Estimated Costs of Banking Crises -- 6. Public and External Debt Ratios in Sovereign Debt Crisis -- 7. Fitted Probability of Sovereign Debt Crisis -- 8. Debt Ratio and Gross External Financing Need -- Boxes -- 1. How Good (or Bad) are WEO Projections of External and Public Debt? -- 2. Presentation of DSA in Staff Reports: An Example -- 3. Retrospective Debt Sustainability Analysis in Four Capital Account Crises -- 4. An Early Warning Model of Sovereign Debt Crises -- 5. Proposed Enhancements to Standard Debt Sustainability Framework -- Appendices -- I. Errors in WEO Projections of Public and External Debt -- II. Stochastic Simulation of External Debt Ratio -- III. Cross-Country Evidence on the Cost of Banking Crises -- IV. Methods Employed by Investment Houses and Rating Agencies for Assessing Debt Sustainability.

Circular economy.