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This paper is part of additional efforts supported by the World Bank Global Tobacco Control Program to inform the Government of Vietnam on options for tobacco taxation by providing estimates of the impact of cigarette price increase across five income groups for the period 2020-2022 under two scenarios. Vietnam is an important country for global tobacco control, and currently has about 15 million males who smoke. to support government efforts to strengthen tobacco controlpolicies, most notably through a substantial increase in the excise tax of tobacco, weconducted an extended cost-effectiveness analysis to examine the distributional impactof a 32 percent and a 62 percent increase in cigarette prices under Scenario A and Scenario B,respectively. In conclusion, we found that higher cigarette prices would particularly benefit the poorest income quintile of the population, in terms of deaths averted, life-years saved, out of pocket expenditures for treating tobacco-attributable diseases, catastrophic health expenditures, and extreme poverty averted. The additional tax burden is, however, borne mostly by the top income group in the 62 percent price increase scenario. Thus, tobacco taxes are an effective way to improve health and reduce poverty in Vietnam.

Cigarettes.

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Nationally representative studies consistently report significant gender and racial differences in youth smoking rates, although little research has been done to explain why. In this paper we examine one possible source for this variation: differences in youth responsiveness to changes in price or tobacco control policies. Using data from the 1992-1994 Monitoring the Future surveys, we find that young men are much more responsive to changes in the price of cigarettes than young women. The participation elasticity for men is almost twice as large as that for women. Further, we find that smoking rates of young black men are significantly more responsive to changes in price than young white men. In addition, we find significant differences in responsiveness to particular tobacco control policies. Smoking rates among white youths are responsive to anti-tobacco activities and clean indoor air restrictions, while smoking rates among black youths are significantly influenced by smoker protection laws and restrictions on youth access.

Cigarettes --- Taxation.

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Electronic cigarettes --- Cigarettes --- Tobacco products --- Tobacco --- Taxation

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Cigarettes. --- Cigarets --- Tobacco products

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The electronic cigarette is being debated in many countries. Its place in the pharmacy is being discussed. Many regulations are in place to ensure consumer safety. In Belgium the electronic cigarette without nicotine can be sold in pharmacy. The Higher Health Council (CSS) advocates that it should not be sold exclusively in pharmacies and that it cannot be sold in other outlets. The pharmacist, as a medical professional is responsible for advising and informing the patient on the risks related to electronic cigarette. He can provide assistance to all those wishing to reduce their consumption of tobacco or even quit, because the electronic cigarette generally replaces traditional ones and can be placed alongside nicotine replacement therapy. The electronic cigarette is considered Jess harmful compared to traditional cigarette. However studies over the long term have yet to be conducted in order to see its actual effects. It would be preferable to restrict its use to certain categories of the population such as non­smokers, pregnant women, minors and people with respiratory or heart problems. The pharmacist will have a key role in limiting the use of electronic cigarette among these patients and reinforcing tobacco control. La cigarette électronique fait débat dans de nombreux pays. Sa place dans la pharmacie est très discutée. En Belgique, la cigarette électronique avec nicotine peut être vendue dès lors qu'une autorisation sur le marché est mise en place. Le conseil supérieur de santé (CSS) préconise qu'elle ne soit pas exclusivement vendue en pharmacie et qu'elle puisse être vendue dans d'autres points de vente. De nombreuses réglementations vont être mises en place afin d'assurer la sécurité des consommateurs. Lorsqu'on pourra garantir qu'elle est de qualité appropriée, on pourra discuter de sa place en pharmacie. Le pharmacien, en tant que professionnel de santé pourra donner des conseils et informer le patient sur l'usage de cette cigarette électronique. Il apporterait une aide à toutes les personnes souhaitant diminuer leur consommation de tabac, voire arrêter de fumer. La cigarette électronique est considérée comme moins nocive que la cigarette traditionnelle. Mais des études à long terme doivent encore être mises en place afin de voir ses effets à longs termes. Il faudrait restreindre son utilisation pour certaines catégories de personnes telles que les non-fumeurs, les femmes enceintes, les mineurs et les personnes qui ont des problèmes respiratoires ou cardiaques. Le pharmacien jouera un rôle clé à cet égard.

Electronic Cigarettes --- Pharmacies