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The development of micro- and nanodevices for blood analysis is an interdisciplinary subject that demands the integration of several research fields, such as biotechnology, medicine, chemistry, informatics, optics, electronics, mechanics, and micro/nanotechnologies. Over the last few decades, there has been a notably fast development in the miniaturization of mechanical microdevices, later known as microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), which combine electrical and mechanical components at a microscale level. The integration of microflow and optical components in MEMS microdevices, as well as the development of micropumps and microvalves, have promoted the interest of several research fields dealing with fluid flow and transport phenomena happening in microscale devices. Microfluidic systems have many advantages over their macroscale counterparts, offering the ability to work with small sample volumes, providing good manipulation and control of samples, decreasing reaction times, and allowing parallel operations in one single step. As a consequence, microdevices offer great potential for the development of portable and point-of-care diagnostic devices, particularly for blood analysis. Moreover, the recent progress in nanotechnology has contributed to its increasing popularity, and has expanded the areas of application of microfluidic devices, including in the manipulation and analysis of flows on the scale of DNA, proteins, and nanoparticles (nanoflows). In this Special Issue, we invited contributions (original research papers, review articles, and brief communications) that focus on the latest advances and challenges in micro- and nanodevices for diagnostics and blood analysis, micro- and nanofluidics, technologies for flow visualization, MEMS, biochips, and lab-on-a-chip devices and their application to research and industry. We hope to provide an opportunity to the engineering and biomedical community to exchange knowledge and information and to bring together researchers who are interested in the general field of MEMS and micro/nanofluidics and, especially, in its applications to biomedical areas.

red blood cells --- n/a --- metastatic potential --- microfluidic devices --- microstructure --- lens-less --- regression analysis --- power-law fluid --- narrow rectangular microchannel --- biomedical coatings --- XTC-YF cells --- red blood cell (RBC) aggregation --- Y-27632 --- finite element method --- POCT --- CEA detection --- immersed boundary method --- suspension --- particle tracking velocimetry --- biomicrofluidics --- computational fluid dynamics --- red blood cells (RBCs) --- modified conventional erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) method --- computational biomechanics --- RBC aggregation index --- microfabrication --- microfluidics --- morphological analysis --- chronic renal disease --- multiple microfluidic channels --- centrifugal microfluidic device --- deformability --- master molder using xurography technique --- fluorescent chemiluminescence --- hydrophobic dish --- pressure-driven flow --- cell deformability --- mechanophenotyping --- separation and sorting techniques --- density medium --- cell adhesion --- polymers --- rheology --- circular microchannel --- blood on chips --- multinucleated cells --- velocity --- cell analysis --- microfluidic chip --- twin-image removal --- cancer --- Lattice–Boltzmann method --- diabetes --- hyperbolic microchannel --- Lattice-Boltzmann method

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Foamy viruses, currently referred to as spumaretroviruses, are the most ancient retroviruses as evidenced by traces of viral sequences dispersed in all vertebrate classes from fish to mammals. Additionally, infectious foamy viruses circulate in a variety of mammalian species including simian, bovine, equine, caprine, and feline. Foamy viruses have many unique features which led to the division of the retrovirus family into two subfamilies, the Orthoretrovirinae and Spumaretrovirinae. In vitro, foamy viruses have a broad host range and in vivo, human infections have been described due to cross-species transmission from infected nonhuman primates. Thus far, there are no reports of virus-induced disease in humans or in the natural host species. These unique properties of foamy viruses have led researchers to develop foamy viruses as gene therapy vectors to study virus–virus and virus–host interactions for identifying factors involved in virus replication, transmission, and immune regulation that could influence potential clinical outcomes in humans as well as for using endogenous foamy virus sequences in the analysis of host species evolution.

Medicine --- Neurosciences --- spumavirus --- feline illness --- proviral load --- neglected virus --- bovine foamy virus --- infectious clone --- particle release --- cell-free transmission --- foamy virus --- spumaretrovirus --- cross-species virus transmission --- zoonosis --- restriction factors --- immune responses --- FV vectors --- virus replication --- latent infection --- feline foamy virus --- epidemiology --- retrovirus --- Spumaretrovirus --- mountain lion --- Puma concolor --- ELISA --- protease --- reverse transcriptase --- RNase H --- reverse transcription --- antiviral drugs --- resistance --- simian foamy virus --- gibbon --- lesser apes --- co-evolution --- complete viral genome --- equine foamy virus --- isolation --- Japan --- sero-epidemiology --- reptile foamy virus --- endogenous foamy virus --- endogenous retrovirus --- ancient retroviruses --- co-speciation --- foamy virus-host interactions --- viral tropism --- infection --- kidney --- cats --- chronic kidney disease --- chronic renal disease --- integrase --- integration --- co-infections --- NHP --- pathogenesis --- zoonoses --- viral prevalence --- Neotropical primates --- free-living primates --- Brazil --- new world primates --- simian retrovirus --- BFV --- spuma virus --- model system --- animal model --- animal experiment --- miRNA function --- gene expression --- antiviral host restriction --- gene therapy --- in-vivo gene therapy --- hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells --- foamy virus vector --- pre-clinical canine model --- SCID-X1 --- innate sensing --- cGAS --- STING --- foamy viruses --- wild ruminants --- European bison --- red deer --- roe deer --- fallow deer --- seroreactivity --- inter-species transmission --- HSC --- gene marking --- FV gene transfer to HSCs --- gene therapy alternatives --- serotype --- high-throughput sequencing --- replication kinetics --- cytopathic effect --- reverse transcriptase activity --- miRNA expression --- virus-host-interaction --- miRNA target gene identification --- innate immunity --- ANKRD17 --- Bif1 (SH3GLB1) --- replication in vitro

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This text includes an overview of the various modes of renal replacement therapy. It also covers appropriate indications and use of these methods, respective advantages, drawbacks and outcomes in children, elderly patients, and diabetic patients.

Renal Insufficiency, Chronic --- Therapeutics --- Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment --- Renal Insufficiency --- Kidney Diseases --- Urologic Diseases --- Female Urogenital Diseases --- Male Urogenital Diseases --- Female Urogenital Diseases and Pregnancy Complications --- Diseases --- Kidney Failure, Chronic --- Renal Replacement Therapy --- Replacement Therapy, Kidney --- Replacement Therapy, Renal --- Therapy, Kidney Replacement --- Therapy, Renal Replacement --- Kidney Replacement Therapy --- Kidney Replacement Therapies --- Renal Replacement Therapies --- Replacement Therapies, Kidney --- Replacement Therapies, Renal --- Therapies, Kidney Replacement --- Therapies, Renal Replacement --- Chronic Kidney Failure --- End-Stage Kidney Disease --- ESRD --- End-Stage Renal Disease --- Renal Disease, End-Stage --- Renal Failure, Chronic --- Renal Failure, End-Stage --- Chronic Renal Failure --- Disease, End-Stage Kidney --- Disease, End-Stage Renal --- End Stage Kidney Disease --- End Stage Renal Disease --- End-Stage Renal Failure --- Kidney Disease, End-Stage --- Renal Disease, End Stage --- Renal Failure, End Stage --- Glomerulonephritis --- Pyelonephritis --- Male Genitourinary Diseases --- Genitourinary Disease, Male --- Genitourinary Diseases, Male --- Male Genitourinary Disease --- Male Urogenital Disease --- Urogenital Disease, Male --- Urogenital Diseases, Male --- Female Genitourinary Diseases --- Female Genitourinary Disease --- Female Urogenital Disease --- Genitourinary Disease, Female --- Genitourinary Diseases, Female --- Urogenital Disease, Female --- Urogenital Diseases, Female --- Urological Diseases --- Urinary Tract Diseases --- Disease, Urinary Tract --- Disease, Urologic --- Disease, Urological --- Diseases, Urinary Tract --- Diseases, Urologic --- Diseases, Urological --- Urinary Tract Disease --- Urologic Disease --- Urological Disease --- Urology --- Disease, Kidney --- Diseases, Kidney --- Kidney Disease --- Nephrology --- Kidney Failure --- Renal Failure --- Kidney Insufficiency --- Failure, Kidney --- Failure, Renal --- Failures, Kidney --- Failures, Renal --- Insufficiency, Kidney --- Kidney Failures --- Kidney Insufficiencies --- Renal Failures --- Renal Insufficiencies --- Therapy --- Treatment --- Therapeutic --- Therapies --- Treatments --- Disease --- Chronic Kidney Diseases --- Chronic Kidney Insufficiency --- Chronic Renal Diseases --- Chronic Renal Insufficiency --- Kidney Insufficiency, Chronic --- Chronic Kidney Disease --- Chronic Kidney Insufficiencies --- Chronic Renal Disease --- Chronic Renal Insufficiencies --- Disease, Chronic Kidney --- Disease, Chronic Renal --- Diseases, Chronic Kidney --- Diseases, Chronic Renal --- Kidney Disease, Chronic --- Kidney Diseases, Chronic --- Kidney Insufficiencies, Chronic --- Renal Disease, Chronic --- Renal Diseases, Chronic --- Renal Insufficiencies, Chronic --- therapy --- Diagnostic Techniques and Procedures. --- Chronic renal failure --- Treatment.

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Hemodialysis. --- Kidney Failure, Chronic --- Kidney Transplantation. --- Kidneys --- Renal Dialysis. --- therapy. --- Transplantation. --- Renal Replacement Therapy --- Urologic Surgical Procedures --- Sorption Detoxification --- Renal Insufficiency, Chronic --- Organ Transplantation --- Therapeutics --- Transplantation --- Renal Insufficiency --- Urogenital Surgical Procedures --- Kidney Diseases --- Surgical Procedures, Operative --- Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment --- Urologic Diseases --- Male Urogenital Diseases --- Female Urogenital Diseases --- Female Urogenital Diseases and Pregnancy Complications --- Diseases --- Kidney Transplantation --- Renal Dialysis --- Dialysis, Extracorporeal --- Dialysis, Renal --- Extracorporeal Dialysis --- Hemodialysis --- Dialyses, Extracorporeal --- Dialyses, Renal --- Extracorporeal Dialyses --- Hemodialyses --- Renal Dialyses --- Kidneys, Artificial --- Grafting, Kidney --- Renal Transplantation --- Transplantation, Kidney --- Transplantation, Renal --- Kidney Grafting --- Kidney Transplantations --- Renal Transplantations --- Transplantations, Kidney --- Transplantations, Renal --- Kidney --- Chronic Kidney Failure --- End-Stage Kidney Disease --- ESRD --- End-Stage Renal Disease --- Renal Disease, End-Stage --- Renal Failure, Chronic --- Renal Failure, End-Stage --- Chronic Renal Failure --- Disease, End-Stage Kidney --- Disease, End-Stage Renal --- End Stage Kidney Disease --- End Stage Renal Disease --- End-Stage Renal Failure --- Kidney Disease, End-Stage --- Renal Disease, End Stage --- Renal Failure, End Stage --- Glomerulonephritis --- Pyelonephritis --- Female Genitourinary Diseases --- Female Genitourinary Disease --- Female Urogenital Disease --- Genitourinary Disease, Female --- Genitourinary Diseases, Female --- Urogenital Disease, Female --- Urogenital Diseases, Female --- Male Genitourinary Diseases --- Genitourinary Disease, Male --- Genitourinary Diseases, Male --- Male Genitourinary Disease --- Male Urogenital Disease --- Urogenital Disease, Male --- Urogenital Diseases, Male --- Urological Diseases --- Urinary Tract Diseases --- Disease, Urinary Tract --- Disease, Urologic --- Disease, Urological --- Diseases, Urinary Tract --- Diseases, Urologic --- Diseases, Urological --- Urinary Tract Disease --- Urologic Disease --- Urological Disease --- Urology --- Ghost Surgery --- Operative Procedures --- Operative Surgical Procedure --- Operative Surgical Procedures --- Procedure, Operative Surgical --- Procedures, Operative Surgical --- Surgery, Ghost --- Surgical Procedure, Operative --- Operative Procedure --- Procedure, Operative --- Procedures, Operative --- General Surgery --- Disease, Kidney --- Diseases, Kidney --- Kidney Disease --- Nephrology --- Procedure, Urogenital Surgical --- Procedures, Urogenital Surgical --- Surgical Procedure, Urogenital --- Surgical Procedures, Urogenital --- Urogenital Surgical Procedure --- Kidney Failure --- Renal Failure --- Kidney Insufficiency --- Failure, Kidney --- Failure, Renal --- Failures, Kidney --- Failures, Renal --- Insufficiency, Kidney --- Kidney Failures --- Kidney Insufficiencies --- Renal Failures --- Renal Insufficiencies --- Transplantations --- Transplantation Immunology --- Transplantation Conditioning --- Therapy --- Treatment --- Therapeutic --- Therapies --- Treatments --- Disease --- Grafting, Organ --- Transplantation, Organ --- Graftings, Organ --- Organ Grafting --- Organ Graftings --- Organ Transplantations --- Transplantations, Organ --- Chronic Kidney Diseases --- Chronic Kidney Insufficiency --- Chronic Renal Diseases --- Chronic Renal Insufficiency --- Kidney Insufficiency, Chronic --- Chronic Kidney Disease --- Chronic Kidney Insufficiencies --- Chronic Renal Disease --- Chronic Renal Insufficiencies --- Disease, Chronic Kidney --- Disease, Chronic Renal --- Diseases, Chronic Kidney --- Diseases, Chronic Renal --- Kidney Disease, Chronic --- Kidney Diseases, Chronic --- Kidney Insufficiencies, Chronic --- Renal Disease, Chronic --- Renal Diseases, Chronic --- Renal Insufficiencies, Chronic --- Detoxication, Sorption --- Sorption Detoxication --- Detoxications, Sorption --- Detoxification, Sorption --- Detoxifications, Sorption --- Sorption Detoxications --- Sorption Detoxifications --- Procedure, Urologic Surgical --- Procedures, Urologic Surgical --- Surgical Procedure, Urologic --- Surgical Procedures, Urologic --- Urologic Surgical Procedure --- Urological Surgical Procedures --- Procedure, Urological Surgical --- Procedures, Urological Surgical --- Surgical Procedure, Urological --- Surgical Procedures, Urological --- Urological Surgical Procedure --- Replacement Therapy, Kidney --- Replacement Therapy, Renal --- Therapy, Kidney Replacement --- Therapy, Renal Replacement --- Kidney Replacement Therapy --- Kidney Replacement Therapies --- Renal Replacement Therapies --- Replacement Therapies, Kidney --- Replacement Therapies, Renal --- Therapies, Kidney Replacement --- Therapies, Renal Replacement --- transplantation --- therapy --- Surgical Procedures --- Procedure, Surgical --- Procedures, Surgical --- Surgical Procedure