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This book focuses of the neurotransmission phenomenon. By definition, neurotransmitters are chemicals that enable communication, i.e., the flow of nerve impulses between nerve cells or between nerve cells and muscles and glands. Recently, one can distinguish excitatory and inhibitory mediators, both of which are endo–exogenous compounds that control the function of the whole organism. From a chemical point of view, neurotransmitters belong to many different structural groups, such as amino acids (such as glycine), peptides (such as substance P, somatostatin), monoamines (such as noradrenaline or dopamine), purine derivatives (such as adenosine), gases (such as nitrogen, NO, carbon monoxide CO), and acetylcholine. From a medical point of view, disturbances in the concentration of neurotransmitters in the body result in the occurrence of mental disorders and diseases (such as depression, schizophrenia, Parkinson’s disease) and contribute to the occurrence of dementia (including Alzheimer’s disease), among other diseases. However, the problem is much wider. These disorders can lead to a number of cardiovascular diseases and can lead to the development of vascular diseases of the brain as well as in many other organs. Therefore, pharmacological intervention is a therapy that tries to interfere with regulatory processes year after year. Such treatments improve survival, reduce the frequency of readmission, and improve patients' quality of life.

Research & information: general --- Chemistry --- white matter hyperintensities --- dysautonomia --- genetic polymorphisms --- dementia --- levodopa --- renin-angiotensin system --- orthostatic hypotension --- reserpine-induced fibromyalgia model --- vortioxetine --- ropinirole --- serotonin and dopamine in fibromyalgia --- mouse --- dopamine --- acetylcholine --- glutamate --- BDNF --- serotonin --- neurotransmitters --- statins --- neurodegenerative diseases --- stroke --- depression --- androgenetic alopecia --- 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors --- mixed dyslipidemia --- risk factors --- halogenated pyrazolines --- monoamine oxidase inhibitors --- kinetics --- reversibility --- molecular dynamics --- guanylate cyclase (GC) --- chronic heart failure (CHF) --- pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) --- tiagabine --- cardiac voltage-gated ion channels --- molecular modeling --- ECG study --- SGLT2i --- sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors --- neuroprotection --- atheroprotection --- mTOR --- type 2 diabetes mellitus --- cognitive impairment --- inflammation --- oxidative stress --- antibiotics --- neurotoxicity --- adverse drug reaction --- neurotransmission --- 5-HT receptors --- gastrointestinal tract --- white matter hyperintensities --- dysautonomia --- genetic polymorphisms --- dementia --- levodopa --- renin-angiotensin system --- orthostatic hypotension --- reserpine-induced fibromyalgia model --- vortioxetine --- ropinirole --- serotonin and dopamine in fibromyalgia --- mouse --- dopamine --- acetylcholine --- glutamate --- BDNF --- serotonin --- neurotransmitters --- statins --- neurodegenerative diseases --- stroke --- depression --- androgenetic alopecia --- 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors --- mixed dyslipidemia --- risk factors --- halogenated pyrazolines --- monoamine oxidase inhibitors --- kinetics --- reversibility --- molecular dynamics --- guanylate cyclase (GC) --- chronic heart failure (CHF) --- pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) --- tiagabine --- cardiac voltage-gated ion channels --- molecular modeling --- ECG study --- SGLT2i --- sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors --- neuroprotection --- atheroprotection --- mTOR --- type 2 diabetes mellitus --- cognitive impairment --- inflammation --- oxidative stress --- antibiotics --- neurotoxicity --- adverse drug reaction --- neurotransmission --- 5-HT receptors --- gastrointestinal tract

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Heart failure prevalence continues to rise globally. Regardless of the underlying etiology, heart failure remains a progressive disease, largely irreversible and end-stage heart failure requires transplantation. Book focuses on the challenges and recent advances of diagnosis, treatment and prevention of heart failure with or without associated comorbidities. We hope that readers will appreciate the wide breadth of topics and clinical utility of the articles and reviews included to this book collection.

biomarkers --- ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction --- preserved left ventricular ejection fraction --- reduced left ventricular ejection fraction --- heart failure --- NT-proBNP --- soluble ST2 --- galectin-3 --- matrix metalloproteinases --- tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases --- mortality --- ejection fraction --- cardiopulmonary exercise test --- ventilatory inefficiency --- angiotensin receptor–neprilysin inhibitor --- echocardiography --- HFrEF --- risk stratification --- left ventricle end-diastolic diameter --- E/e’ ratio --- left ventricle outflow tract velocity-time integral --- hospitalization predictor --- short-term prognosis --- heart failure readmission --- acute myocardial infarction --- blood biomarkers --- diagnosis --- congestion --- clinical assessment --- preserved ejection fraction --- type 2 diabetes mellitus --- myocardial infarction --- chronic heart failure --- heart rate variability --- 2D echocardiography --- 24-h ECG monitoring --- chronic kidney disease --- pulmonary hypertension --- arteriovenous fistulas --- overhydration --- heart transplant --- cardiac allograft vasculopathy --- heart transplant rejection --- transthoracic echocardiography --- longitudinal strain --- sensing parameters --- pacing parameters --- adverse left ventricular remodeling --- left ventricular-arterial coupling --- fatty liver --- cardiovascular disease --- fibrosis --- epicardial fat --- left atrial strain --- edema --- dilated cardiomyopathy --- fluid management --- endothelial dysfunction --- n/a --- angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitor --- E/e' ratio

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Cardiac biomarkers such as troponins and natiuretic peptides have made a great impact on clinical decision making as well as improving our understanding of molecular mechanisms of different disease conditions. However, the biomarkers that are currently in use do not reflect all the multiple disease pathways that are involved in a broad spectrum of cardiac disease conditions ranging from acute coronary syndrome, to heart failure (and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, HFpEF), to pulmonary hypertension or arrhythmias. In this Special Issue, we will provide an overview of the current developments in the field of biomarker research, beginning with research on molecular pathways and cellular communication (e.g., microRNA) up to the clinical use of biomarkers.

Medicine --- diet quality --- ceramides --- obesity --- cardiovascular risk --- healthy eating index --- carbohydrate antigen-125 --- heart failure --- inflammatory marker --- older women --- biomarker --- cardiometabolic disease --- epicardial adipose tissue --- epicardial fat --- epicardial fat volume --- microRNA --- thyroid-stimulating hormone --- cardiometabolic risks --- metabolic syndrome --- hypertension --- very low-density lipoprotein --- STIM1 --- SOCE --- atrial myopathy --- atrial fibrillation --- ejection fraction --- soluble urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) --- growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15) --- heart-type fatty acid-binding protein (H-FABP) --- soluble suppression of tumorigenicity 2 (sST2) --- acute myocardial infarction --- biomarkers --- catestatin --- coronary artery disease --- heart failure decompensation --- left ventricular ejection fraction --- troponin --- NT-proBNP --- NYHA functional class --- GDF-15 --- cardiovascular surgery --- operative risk --- muscle wasting --- sarcopenia --- renal dysfunction --- chronic kidney disease --- aortic disease --- aneurysm --- miRNA --- TGF-β pathway --- KLF4 --- synthetic phenotype --- aortic regurgitation --- echocardiography --- magnetic resonance imaging --- vena contracta area --- longitudinal strain --- T1 mapping --- GDF8 --- myostatin --- AMI --- ceruloplasmin --- H-FABP --- heart-type fatty acid-binding protein --- FABP3 --- fatty acid-binding protein 3 --- HF --- cardiac biomarkers --- cardiac magnetic resonance imaging --- left ventricular systolic function --- magnetic resonance spectroscopy --- myocardial triglyceride content --- cell adhesion molecule --- repeated measurements --- pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A --- cohort studies --- cardiovascular diseases --- mitochondrial dysfunction --- circulating cells --- PBMCS --- platelets --- oxidative stress --- reactive oxygen species (ROS) --- mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) --- herat failure --- liver-type fatty-acid-binding protein --- long-term outcomes --- cardiac intensive care units --- acute kidney injury --- myocardial infarction --- STEMI --- cardiovascular events --- cardiovascular death --- risk stratification --- sST2 --- Pentraxin-3 --- sudden cardiac death --- ventricular arrhythmia --- ventricular tachycardia --- chronic heart failure --- saliva --- salivary biomarkers --- CKD --- CVD --- PPCI --- left ventricular adverse remodelling --- circulating miRNAs --- NAFLD --- Framingham risk score --- risk prediction --- secondary prevention --- primary prevention --- NAFLD fibrosis score --- HFpEF --- HFrEF --- suPAR --- diet quality --- ceramides --- obesity --- cardiovascular risk --- healthy eating index --- carbohydrate antigen-125 --- heart failure --- inflammatory marker --- older women --- biomarker --- cardiometabolic disease --- epicardial adipose tissue --- epicardial fat --- epicardial fat volume --- microRNA --- thyroid-stimulating hormone --- cardiometabolic risks --- metabolic syndrome --- hypertension --- very low-density lipoprotein --- STIM1 --- SOCE --- atrial myopathy --- atrial fibrillation --- ejection fraction --- soluble urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) --- growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15) --- heart-type fatty acid-binding protein (H-FABP) --- soluble suppression of tumorigenicity 2 (sST2) --- acute myocardial infarction --- biomarkers --- catestatin --- coronary artery disease --- heart failure decompensation --- left ventricular ejection fraction --- troponin --- NT-proBNP --- NYHA functional class --- GDF-15 --- cardiovascular surgery --- operative risk --- muscle wasting --- sarcopenia --- renal dysfunction --- chronic kidney disease --- aortic disease --- aneurysm --- miRNA --- TGF-β pathway --- KLF4 --- synthetic phenotype --- aortic regurgitation --- echocardiography --- magnetic resonance imaging --- vena contracta area --- longitudinal strain --- T1 mapping --- GDF8 --- myostatin --- AMI --- ceruloplasmin --- H-FABP --- heart-type fatty acid-binding protein --- FABP3 --- fatty acid-binding protein 3 --- HF --- cardiac biomarkers --- cardiac magnetic resonance imaging --- left ventricular systolic function --- magnetic resonance spectroscopy --- myocardial triglyceride content --- cell adhesion molecule --- repeated measurements --- pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A --- cohort studies --- cardiovascular diseases --- mitochondrial dysfunction --- circulating cells --- PBMCS --- platelets --- oxidative stress --- reactive oxygen species (ROS) --- mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) --- herat failure --- liver-type fatty-acid-binding protein --- long-term outcomes --- cardiac intensive care units --- acute kidney injury --- myocardial infarction --- STEMI --- cardiovascular events --- cardiovascular death --- risk stratification --- sST2 --- Pentraxin-3 --- sudden cardiac death --- ventricular arrhythmia --- ventricular tachycardia --- chronic heart failure --- saliva --- salivary biomarkers --- CKD --- CVD --- PPCI --- left ventricular adverse remodelling --- circulating miRNAs --- NAFLD --- Framingham risk score --- risk prediction --- secondary prevention --- primary prevention --- NAFLD fibrosis score --- HFpEF --- HFrEF --- suPAR