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The effects of nutrition in chronic conditions, such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease, dementia, stroke, and inflammatory bowel disease continue to generate interest among researchers. This stems from the fact that diet is a modifiable risk factor for these diseases, which manifest either as single entities or in co-morbid states in individuals and populations around the world. In particular, the prevalence of diabetes and cardiovascular disease is on the rise, especially in developed countries, but also in developing economies, partly due to lifestyle changes, including diet. For example, ischaemic heart disease is the leading cause of death globally. When combined with stroke, these conditions accounted for 15 million deaths in 2015 and are the world’s greatest killers (WHO, 2017). Furthermore, WHO (2016), reported that there were an estimated 422 million adults who were living with diabetes in 2014. This is significantly higher than the 108 million in 1980, representing a rise in worldwide diabetes prevalence from 4.7% in 1980 to 8.5% in 2014 among the adult population. These chronic conditions and their associated complications have significant implications for morbidity and mortality, and incur huge costs to the health services around the world. The composition of the diet, the proportion and types of macronutrients and micronutrients present in the diet are major contributors to these diseases. In addition, the beneficial effects of nutritional interventions have been well documented although differences remain among researchers with respect to their overall impact. The evaluation of the role of nutrition in chronic conditions draws on its effect on body weight and body composition, glycaemic and insulin excursions, vascular remodeling, and gastro-intestinal dysfunction. Therefore, this Special Issue on “Nutrition and Chronic Conditions” aims to evaluate the effect of nutrition in the development, care, and management of chronic conditions. The primary conditions of interest are diabetes, cardiovascular disease, dementia, stroke, and inflammatory bowel disease.

Nutrition and dementia --- Nutrition and Chronic Conditions

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Chronic diseases --- Comorbidity --- Primary health care --- Chronic Disease --- Chronic diseases. --- Comorbidity. --- Primary health care. --- PHC (Primary health care) --- Coexisting disease --- Coexisting illness --- Diseases, Chronic --- NCDs (Noncommunicable diseases) --- Non-communicable diseases --- Non-infectious diseases --- Noncommunicable diseases --- Chronically Ill --- Chronic Illness --- Chronic Diseases --- Chronic Illnesses --- Disease, Chronic --- Illness, Chronic --- Illnesses, Chronic --- Multimorbidity --- Comorbidities --- Multimorbidities --- Chronic Disease. --- comorbidity --- multimorbidity --- multiple chronic conditions --- Community health services --- Epidemiology --- Diseases --- Pain Management --- Human medicine

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The prevalence of diabetes is on the increase in the UK and worldwide, partly due to changes in lifestyle which predispose individuals to overweight and obesity. It is estimated that about 90% of the currently diagnosed adults have type 2 diabetes, and based on the World Health Organisation (WHO) report, about 422 million adults were living with diabetes in 2014 compared with 108 million in 1980; this condition caused about 1.5 million deaths in 2012. In the United States of America, it is estimated that about 30.3 million adults are living with diabetes, with a further 1.5 million new diabetes cases diagnosed every year, representing an increasing prevalence of this condition. Diabetes represents a major public health challenge, despite advances in technology and the pharmaceutical industry. These problems may be in the form of acute or long-term complications. Therefore, in order to attenuate the problems of diabetes, management strategies usually include lifestyle changes such as increased physical activity and dietary interventions. Studies which evaluate the role of nutrition in the management of type 2 diabetes often involve human and animal models as these approaches enable us to have a broader and more in-depth understanding of the condition. In some cases, diabetes may co-exist with other conditions, such as stroke, and these may present unique challenges with regard to nutritional interventions. This Special Issue aims to evaluate the risk factors associated with type 2 diabetes and the role of the diet in the management of people with this condition. This evidence is drawn from both human and animal studies.

low-carbohydrate --- lipids --- carbohydrate restricted diet --- aldosterone --- high fat diet --- interleukin-6 --- rosemary extract --- Hedychium coronarium --- isomaltulose --- low carbohydrate diet --- folk medicine --- free fatty acids (FFA) --- high-density lipoprotein cholesterol --- mushroom --- protein and fat counting --- incretins --- fish oil --- almond --- Japanese --- vitamin D deficiency --- low energy diet --- AMPK --- women --- glycaemic index --- T2DM --- zinc status --- ginseng --- longitudinal analysis --- dietary management approaches --- glucose monitoring --- gut microbiome --- nutritional supplement --- carbohydrate counting --- gestational diabetes --- type 2 diabetes mellitus --- very-low-calorie --- inflammatory parameters --- vitamin D --- subjective appetite --- randomised controlled trial --- total body lean --- insulin secretion --- systematic review --- lactic acid bacteria --- food --- type 2 diabetes --- fish --- zinc intake --- glycaemic control --- diabetes --- dairy products --- glycated haemoglobin --- short chain fatty acids --- glycated hemoglobin A --- glycemic control --- vegetable oil --- standard formula --- cardiovascular risk factors --- DASH --- insulin dosage --- appendicular fat --- body composition --- total body fat --- micronutrients --- 25-OH-D --- obesity --- diabetes reversal --- enteral nutrition --- PUFA --- body mass index --- metabolic syndrome --- lifestyle management --- nutrition --- streptozotocin --- nuts --- enteral tube feeding --- lipid profile --- macronutrients --- triglyceride --- tempeh --- cohort study --- diabetes specific formula --- polyunsaturated fatty acids --- diabetes mellitus --- calcium intake --- hyperglycemia --- epidemiology --- trace elements --- dietary intake --- muscle --- appendicular lean --- peanut --- insulin resistance --- sucromalt --- pancreatectomy --- energy restricted diet --- glycemic index --- type 1 diabetes --- fasting blood glucose --- bariatric surgery --- prediabetes --- aronia --- meta-analysis --- chronic conditions --- diabetes management --- dietary pattern --- diet quality --- lipid parameters --- feces

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The overall goal of this book is to give the reader a state-of-the-art synopsis of the pharmacist services domain. To accomplish this goal, the authors have addressed the social, psychosocial, political, legal, historic, clinical, and economic factors that are associated with pharmacist services. In this book, you will gain cutting-edge insights from learning about the research of experts throughout the world. The findings have relevance for enhancing pharmacist professionalism, pharmacist practice, and the progression of pharmacist services in the future.

n/a --- medication experience --- medication safety --- collaborative practice --- age disparities --- Comprehensive Medication Management --- pharmacist --- pharmaceutical care --- readmissions --- healthy people 2020 --- multiple chronic conditions --- comparative case study --- billing --- interprofessional care --- clinical pharmacy --- safety --- community pharmacy --- qualitative research --- 21st century history --- medication management --- innovation science --- clinical results --- healthcare access --- documentation --- cost avoidance --- code of ethics --- misuse --- intention --- experiential learning --- opioid use disorder --- pharmacist workforce --- adverse drug events --- cue orientation --- pharmacy intern --- continuity of patient care --- decision-making --- community-based pharmacist practitioners --- service process --- quality assurance --- vaccination --- medication-related problems --- medication therapy management --- chronic kidney disease --- services marketing --- pharmacist roles --- health workers --- disposal --- federally qualified health center --- pharmacy services --- student pharmacist --- pharmacy communication --- interrupted time series analysis --- interprofessional practice and education --- 20th century history --- pharmacist services --- transitions in care --- retail clinics --- pharmacy clinical services --- counseling --- brown bag --- chronic diseases --- observation --- medication therapy problems --- ambulatory care --- mobile health units --- human papilloma virus --- community-based pharmacy --- medication reconciliation --- pharmacy learners --- collaboration --- care plan --- primary care --- interprofessional training --- travel --- theory of planned behavior. --- information sharing --- pharmacy practice --- health care policy --- medication adherence --- ethics --- pharmaceutical intervention --- medication synchronization --- counselling --- comprehensive medication review --- medication use burden --- dispensing --- pharmacy staff --- communication --- mental illness --- pharmacy benefit manager (PBM) --- focus group interviews --- South Asian --- pharmaceutical regulation --- wellness programs --- serviced marketing --- emergency unit --- immunization --- pharmacy --- quality measurement/benchmarking --- advanced practice pharmacist provider --- job satisfaction --- job-related preferences --- naltrexone --- medication discrepancies --- interprofessional --- CMS Star rating --- HPV vaccination --- regulatory --- clinical practice --- community pharmacists --- ethical models --- immunization programs --- health policy --- nurse practitioners --- history of pharmacy --- cystic fibrosis --- focus groups --- community pharmacy practice --- gender disparities --- pharmaceutical care practice --- comprehensive medication management --- value --- design thinking --- grants --- value-added services --- pharmacists --- adherence --- implementation --- opioid --- primary health care --- mental health first aid --- pharmacy practice faculty --- community pharmacy services --- comprehensive medication management services --- pharmacy education --- coordinated care --- management --- mental health care --- competitive advantage --- organizations --- Denmark --- naloxone --- compensation