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Growing evidence shows that a dietary pattern inspired by Mediterranean dietprinciples is associated with numerous health benefits. A Mediterranean-typediet has been demonstrated to exert a preventive effect toward cardiovasculardiseases, in both Mediterranean and non-Mediterranean populations. Part ofthese properties may depend on a positive action toward healthier metabolism,decreasing the risk of diabetes and metabolic-syndrome-related conditions.Some studies also suggested a potential role in preventing certain cancers. Finally,newer research has showed that a higher adherence to the Mediterranean diet isassociated with a lower risk of cognitive decline, depression, and other mentaldisorders. Overall, a better understanding of the key elements of this dietarypattern, the underlying mechanisms, and targets, are needed to corroboratecurrent evidence and provide insights on new and potential outcomes.ThisSpecial Issue welcomes original research and reviews of literature concerningthe Mediterranean diet and various health outcomes:Observational studies onestablished nutritional cohorts (preferred), case-control studies, or populationsample on the association with non-communicable diseases;Level of evidenceon the association with human health, including systematic reviews and metaanalyses;Evaluation of application of Mediterranean diet principles in non-Mediterranean countries;Description of mechanisms of action, pathways, andtargets at the molecular level, including interaction with gut microbiota.

offspring --- dietary intervention study --- n/a --- mental health --- noncommunicable diseases --- plasma lipids --- depressive symptoms --- children --- metabolomics --- Mediterranean Diet --- immune system --- olive oil --- healthy lifestyle --- obesity --- prevention --- telomere length --- risk factors --- Mediterranean diet --- adolescents --- pregnancy --- athletes --- dietary change --- microbiome --- nutrition --- nuts --- whole-grain --- health communication --- childbearing age --- dementia --- Italy --- quality of life --- wine --- dietary intervention --- questionnaire --- non-alcoholic fatty liver disease --- public health policy --- relative Mediterranean diet score --- DNA damage --- fruit --- food groups --- cohort --- cognitive decline --- vegetable --- DNA repair --- university students --- epidemiology --- Mediterranean diet pyramid --- dietary intake --- motivational climate --- weight status --- glucose control --- diet --- cardiovascular risk --- resveratrol --- sleep quality --- BMI --- cardiovascular disease --- catechins --- sports --- socioeconomic factors --- self-concept --- child health --- hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal-HPA axis --- physical activity --- Spain --- barriers --- diet quality --- fish --- childhood obesity --- translation --- diabetes --- dairy --- hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal-HPA axis

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Several lines of evidence indicate that healthy diet and exercise can prevent cardiovascular diseases, stroke, diabetes, and some types of cancer such as colon cancer, and smoking-related cancers. Dietary patterns defined as the quantities, proportions, variety, or combination of different foods and drinks, and the frequency with which they are habitually consumed are also associated with an increased or decreased incidence of chronic diseases. Lately, an association has been found between eating habits, exercise, and psychological and/or mental disorders. This Special Issue of Nutrients, entitled “Dietary Habits, Beneficial Exercise, and Chronic Diseases: Latest Advances and Prospects”, contains 20 manuscripts, either describing original research or reviewing the scientific literature, focused on the relationship between dietary habits (macronutrients, micronutrients, etc.) and/or exercise with metabolic, cardiovascular, neurological, mental, rheumatic, inflammatory, gastrointestinal, odontostomatological, and other chronic diseases.

Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- Food & society --- muscle wasting --- cachexia --- sarcopenia --- probiotics --- prebiotics --- Lactobacillus --- intestinal permeability --- gut-brain axis --- health literacy --- education --- food --- students --- healthy lifestyle --- β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) --- body mass index (BMI), type 1 diabetes --- type 2 diabetes (T2D) --- hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) --- visceral adipose tissue (VAT) --- cardiovascular disease (CVD) --- high-density lipoprotein (HDL) --- low-density lipoprotein (LDL) --- Apolipoprotein B (ApoB) --- women's health --- bone mineral density --- diet --- beach sports --- osteoporosis --- Mediterranean diet --- antioxidation --- metabolic health --- reproductive health --- gut microbiota --- non-communicable diseases --- flavonoids --- polyphenols --- resveratrol --- olive oil --- adult volunteers --- dietary intervention --- dietary patterns --- pilot study --- symbiotic agriculture --- metabolic dysfunction --- metabolic syndrome --- metabolome --- EHIS --- diabetes --- disease burden --- European Union --- policies --- dietary trajectories --- overweight --- obesity --- early childhood caries --- ECC --- dental caries --- health risk --- preschool children --- fish protein hydrolysate --- anxiety --- burying test --- rodent --- perceived stress --- psychological --- stress --- diet quality --- women --- reproductive age --- childbearing age --- a-priori --- a-posteriori --- sodium --- sodium intake --- inflammation --- systemic inflammation --- sodium induced inflammation --- CRP --- TNF-a --- IL-6 --- pediatric obesity --- children --- dietary interventions --- prevention --- pure fructose consumption --- adolescent --- blood pressure --- folic acid --- homocysteine --- inflammatory bowel disease --- microbiota --- crocin --- crocetin --- safranal --- effect direction plot --- complementary and alternative medicine --- medicinal plant --- CAM --- herbal medicine --- TNF-α --- qualitative synthesis --- dietary supplements --- food shopping quality indicators --- FSA-NPS DI --- dietary intake --- diet monitoring --- digital receipts --- dietary quality --- ischemic stroke --- Chinese Diet Balance Index 2016 --- DBI-16 --- Southeast China --- bone density --- bone resorption markers --- HDL-C --- LDL-C --- lipid profile --- cardiovascular disease --- exercise --- aerobic fitness --- multiple sclerosis --- nutrition --- physical activity --- body mass index --- dietary guideline --- reproductive age women --- muscle wasting --- cachexia --- sarcopenia --- probiotics --- prebiotics --- Lactobacillus --- intestinal permeability --- gut-brain axis --- health literacy --- education --- food --- students --- healthy lifestyle --- β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) --- body mass index (BMI), type 1 diabetes --- type 2 diabetes (T2D) --- hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) --- visceral adipose tissue (VAT) --- cardiovascular disease (CVD) --- high-density lipoprotein (HDL) --- low-density lipoprotein (LDL) --- Apolipoprotein B (ApoB) --- women's health --- bone mineral density --- diet --- beach sports --- osteoporosis --- Mediterranean diet --- antioxidation --- metabolic health --- reproductive health --- gut microbiota --- non-communicable diseases --- flavonoids --- polyphenols --- resveratrol --- olive oil --- adult volunteers --- dietary intervention --- dietary patterns --- pilot study --- symbiotic agriculture --- metabolic dysfunction --- metabolic syndrome --- metabolome --- EHIS --- diabetes --- disease burden --- European Union --- policies --- dietary trajectories --- overweight --- obesity --- early childhood caries --- ECC --- dental caries --- health risk --- preschool children --- fish protein hydrolysate --- anxiety --- burying test --- rodent --- perceived stress --- psychological --- stress --- diet quality --- women --- reproductive age --- childbearing age --- a-priori --- a-posteriori --- sodium --- sodium intake --- inflammation --- systemic inflammation --- sodium induced inflammation --- CRP --- TNF-a --- IL-6 --- pediatric obesity --- children --- dietary interventions --- prevention --- pure fructose consumption --- adolescent --- blood pressure --- folic acid --- homocysteine --- inflammatory bowel disease --- microbiota --- crocin --- crocetin --- safranal --- effect direction plot --- complementary and alternative medicine --- medicinal plant --- CAM --- herbal medicine --- TNF-α --- qualitative synthesis --- dietary supplements --- food shopping quality indicators --- FSA-NPS DI --- dietary intake --- diet monitoring --- digital receipts --- dietary quality --- ischemic stroke --- Chinese Diet Balance Index 2016 --- DBI-16 --- Southeast China --- bone density --- bone resorption markers --- HDL-C --- LDL-C --- lipid profile --- cardiovascular disease --- exercise --- aerobic fitness --- multiple sclerosis --- nutrition --- physical activity --- body mass index --- dietary guideline --- reproductive age women