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"Understanding the mechanisms driving biological diversity remains a central problem in ecology and evolutionary biology. Traditional explanations assume that differences in selection pressures lead to different adaptations in geographically separated locations. This book takes a different approach and explores adaptive diversification--diversification rooted in ecological interactions and frequency-dependent selection. In any ecosystem, birth and death rates of individuals are affected by interactions with other individuals. What is an advantageous phenotype therefore depends on the phenotype of other individuals, and it may often be best to be ecologically different from the majority phenotype. Such rare-type advantage is a hallmark of frequency-dependent selection and opens the scope for processes of diversification that require ecological contact rather than geographical isolation. Michael Doebeli investigates adaptive diversification using the mathematical framework of adaptive dynamics. Evolutionary branching is a paradigmatic feature of adaptive dynamics that serves as a basic metaphor for adaptive diversification, and Doebeli explores the scope of evolutionary branching in many different ecological scenarios, including models of coevolution, cooperation, and cultural evolution. He also uses alternative modeling approaches. Stochastic, individual-based models are particularly useful for studying adaptive speciation in sexual populations, and partial differential equation models confirm the pervasiveness of adaptive diversification. Showing that frequency-dependent interactions are an important driver of biological diversity, Adaptive Diversification provides a comprehensive theoretical treatment of adaptive diversification"-- "Adaptive biological diversification occurs when frequency-dependent selection generates advantages for rare phenotypes and induces a split of an ancestral lineage into multiple descendant lineages. Using adaptive dynamics theory, individual-based simulations, and partial differential equation models, this book illustrates that adaptive diversification due to frequency-dependent ecological interaction is a theoretically ubiquitous phenomenon"--

Evolution (Biology) --- Biodiversity --- Adaptation (Biology) --- Biological diversification --- Biological diversity --- Biotic diversity --- Diversification, Biological --- Diversity, Biological --- Biology --- Biocomplexity --- Ecological heterogeneity --- Numbers of species --- Environment --- Self-organizing systems --- Variation (Biology) --- Biological fitness --- Genetics --- Mathematical models. --- LotkaЖolterra models. --- Maynard Smith model. --- Richard Lenski. --- adaptive diversification. --- adaptive dynamics theory. --- adaptive dynamics. --- adaptive speciation. --- anisogamy. --- asexual speciation. --- assortative mating. --- biological diversity. --- clonal models. --- coevolution. --- coevolutionary dynamics. --- conformist cultures. --- cooperative interactions. --- crossfeeding. --- cultural evolution. --- dispersal rates. --- disruptive selection. --- diverging phenotypic clusters. --- diversification. --- ecological character displacement. --- ecological dynamics. --- ecology. --- ecosystem. --- evolutionary biology. --- evolutionary branching. --- evolutionary dynamics. --- evolutionary processes. --- evolutionary trajectory. --- experimental evolution. --- frequency dependence. --- frequency independence. --- frequency-dependent competition. --- frequency-dependent interactions. --- frequency-dependent selection. --- gamete size. --- individual-based models. --- intraspecific cooperation. --- language memes. --- language. --- mainstream culture. --- mathematical modeling. --- mating populations. --- microbes. --- mutualism. --- mutualistic interactions. --- niche ecology. --- partial differential equation models. --- pattern formation. --- phenotype distributions. --- phenotype. --- phenotypic differentiation. --- phenotypic divergence. --- polymorphic populations. --- polymorphism. --- polymorphisms. --- predation. --- predatorаrey interactions. --- prezygotic reproductive isolation. --- religion. --- religious diversification. --- reproductive isolation. --- resource competition. --- sexual populations. --- sexual reproduction. --- speciation model. --- trophic preference. --- Environmental adaptation --- Adaptation, Environmental

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A marvelous journey into the world of bird evolutionHow Birds Evolve explores how evolution has shaped the distinctive characteristics and behaviors we observe in birds today. Douglas Futuyma describes how evolutionary science illuminates the wonders of birds, ranging over topics such as the meaning and origin of species, the evolutionary history of bird diversity, and the evolution of avian reproductive behaviors, plumage ornaments, and social behaviors.In this multifaceted book, Futuyma examines how birds evolved from nonavian dinosaurs and reveals what we can learn from the "family tree" of birds. He looks at the ways natural selection enables different forms of the same species to persist, and discusses how adaptation by natural selection accounts for the diverse life histories of birds and the rich variety of avian parenting styles, mating displays, and cooperative behaviors. He explains why some parts of the planet have so many more species than others, and asks what an evolutionary perspective brings to urgent questions about bird extinction and habitat destruction. Along the way, Futuyma provides an insider's perspective on how biologists practice evolutionary science, from studying the fossil record to comparing DNA sequences among and within species.A must-read for bird enthusiasts and curious naturalists, How Birds Evolve shows how evolutionary biology helps us better understand birds and their natural history, and how the study of birds has informed all aspects of evolutionary science since the time of Darwin.

Birds --- Evolution. --- Accipitriformes. --- Adaptive radiation. --- Allele. --- Allopatric speciation. --- Amino acid. --- Base pair. --- Biologist. --- Bird nest. --- Bird. --- Brood parasite. --- California condor. --- Cassowary. --- Character displacement. --- Charles Darwin. --- Charles Sibley. --- Chromosome. --- Cnemophilidae. --- Common cuckoo. --- Common descent. --- Convergent evolution. --- Coraciiformes. --- Crossbill. --- Darwin's finches. --- David Lack. --- Drongo. --- Evolutionary biology. --- Extra-pair copulation. --- Female. --- Flightless bird. --- Fowl. --- Galliformes. --- Gene flow. --- Gene. --- Genetic drift. --- Genotype. --- Gouldian finch. --- Great kiskadee. --- Great tit. --- Greater prairie chicken. --- Grebe. --- Hawaiian honeycreeper. --- Heritability. --- Hoatzin. --- Honeyeater. --- House sparrow. --- Hybrid (biology). --- Hybrid zone. --- Inopinaves. --- Insect. --- John Ostrom. --- Kentish plover. --- Malleefowl. --- Mating. --- Megapode. --- Mitochondrial DNA. --- Mole salamander. --- Natural selection. --- Neoaves. --- Neognathae. --- Nest box. --- North America. --- Nucleic acid sequence. --- Organism. --- Ornithology. --- Pair bond. --- Passerine. --- Pheasant. --- Phylogenetic tree. --- Piculet. --- Plumage. --- Predation. --- Protein. --- Red-tailed hawk. --- Reproductive isolation. --- Reproductive success. --- Rockhopper penguin. --- Sex ratio. --- Sexual dimorphism. --- Sexual selection in birds. --- Sexual selection. --- Sexy son hypothesis. --- Sister group. --- Songbird. --- Sparrow. --- Speciation. --- Species. --- Supernormal stimulus. --- Taxon. --- Theropoda. --- Thrush (bird). --- Tinamou. --- Tit (bird). --- Toucan. --- Trogon. --- Tyrant flycatcher. --- Warbler. --- Waterfowl. --- Whooping crane. --- Wood warbler. --- Woodpecker.