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Energy crops --- Cellulosic ethanol

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Hemicelluloses and Lignin in Biorefineries provides an understanding of lignocellulosic biomass, which is mainly composed of cellulose, hemicelluloses, and lignin. It promotes the valorization of these molecules in the context of the bioeconomy and presents hemicelluloses and lignin, which are generated in lignocellulosic biorefineries, as the molecules of the future. The viability of these molecules lies in their renewability and potential. This book covers all aspects of hemicelluloses and lignin including structure, biosynthesis, extraction, biodegradation, and conversion. The book also looks ahead to the socioeconomic and environmental value of biobased industry and emphasizes an understanding of the potential of lignocellulosic biomass.

Cellulosic ethanol --- Lignocellulose - Biotechnology --- Ethanol as fuel --- Cellulosic ethanol. --- Lignocellulose --- Ethanol as fuel. --- Lignocellulose. --- Biotechnologie --- Biotechnology. --- Biotechnologie.

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Cellulosic ethanol --- Fuel --- Renewable energy sources --- Environmental aspects. --- Standards --- United States.

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Large-scale production of crop based (first generation) biofuels may not be feasible without adversely affecting global food supply or encroaching on other important land uses. Because alternatives to liquid fossil fuels are important to develop in order to address greenhouse gas mitigation and other energy policy objectives, the potential for increased use of advanced (non-crop, second generation) biofuel production technologies has significant policy relevance. This study reviews the current status of several advanced biofuel technologies. Technically, it would be possible to produce a large portion of transportation fuels using advanced biofuel technologies, specifically those that can be grown using a small portion of the world's land area (for example, microalgae), or those grown on arable lands without affecting food supply (for example, agricultural residues). However, serious technical barriers limit the near-term commercial application of advanced biofuels technologies. Key technical barriers include low conversion efficiency from biomass to fuel, limits on supply of key enzymes used in conversion, large energy requirements for operation, and dependence in many cases on commercially unproven technology. Despite a large future potential, large-scale expansion of advanced biofuels technologies is unlikely unless and until further research and development lead to lowering these barriers.

Agricultural residues --- Agriculture --- Animal fats --- Biomass --- Cellulosic ethanol --- Cellulosic ethanol production --- Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases --- Conversion efficiency --- Crops & Crop Management Systems --- Energy --- Energy Production and Transportation --- Energy requirements --- Environment --- Environmental impacts --- Feedstock --- Fossil --- Fossil fuels --- Fuel --- Generation --- Greenhouse gas --- Oil --- Oils --- Pyrolysis --- Renewable Energy --- Sanitation and Sewerage --- Sugarcane --- Synthetic fuels --- Transportation fuels --- Water Supply and Sanitation

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Lignocellulose conversion stands out as a key process for the sustainable production of renewable fuels and chemicals. The use of lignocellulosic materials for second generation ethanol production makes it possible to minimize the conflict between land use for food (and feed) and energy production. The lignocellulosic raw materials are less expensive and they present a more even geographical distribution than does conventional agricultural feedstock. Residual biomass such as agro-industrial wastes, agricultural and forest crop residues and the organic and paper fractions of municipal solid waste make up a large percentage of lignocelluloses. Moreover, second generation ethanol production and use show lower greenhouse gas emissions than the first generation fuels, reducing environmental impacts, particularly in terms of climate change. Lignocellulose conversion into ethanol commonly involves a pretreatment to remove the barrier of lignin and expose plant cell wall polysaccharides, enzymatic saccharification of sugars with a cocktail of cellulolytic and hemicellulolytic enzymes, and fermentation of the sugars with ethanologenic microorganisms. The commercialization of the process to produce cellulosic ethanol is still limited due to the high costs of current technologies, above all the (hemi)cellulolytic enzymes required to hydrolyze the polysaccharides. The enzymatic hydrolysis may take place in a separate step followed by fermentation called separate hydrolysis and fermentation, or it may take place together with the fermentation in a simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of hexoses process or simultaneous saccharification and co-fermentation of both hexoses and pentoses. The ultimate objective is one-step consolidated bioprocessing of lignocellulose into bioethanol, in which all the steps take place in a single reactor where a single micro-organism or microbial consortium converts pre-treated biomass into ethanol. This book presents the main tools, the current technological developments and future prospects in cellulosic ethanol production and research.

Cellulosic ethanol --- Lignocellulose --- Chemistry --- Physical Sciences & Mathematics --- Biochemistry --- Biotechnology --- Life sciences. --- Cellulosic ethanol. --- Biotechnology. --- Biosciences --- Sciences, Life --- Renewable energy resources. --- Plant biochemistry. --- Enzymology. --- Microbiology. --- Renewable energy sources. --- Alternate energy sources. --- Green energy industries. --- Life Sciences. --- Plant Biochemistry. --- Renewable and Green Energy. --- Chemical engineering --- Genetic engineering --- Science --- Biomass energy --- Ethanol --- Enzymes. --- Biochemistry. --- Alternate energy sources --- Alternative energy sources --- Energy sources, Renewable --- Sustainable energy sources --- Power resources --- Renewable natural resources --- Agriculture and energy --- Biological chemistry --- Chemical composition of organisms --- Organisms --- Physiological chemistry --- Biology --- Medical sciences --- Microbial biology --- Microorganisms --- Biocatalysts --- Ferments --- Soluble ferments --- Catalysts --- Proteins --- Enzymology --- Composition --- Phytochemistry --- Plant biochemistry --- Plant chemistry --- Botany --- Phytochemicals --- Plant biochemical genetics --- Enzymes