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Mycotoxins are a Public Health concern that in last year have reached the top 10 food and product hazard categories in the Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed (RASFF), with almost six hundred notifications. The toxicological effects of mycotoxins are evaluated through the extrapolation of results from in vivo and in vitro assays. Studies of mycotoxins’ effects at the cellular level precede those in organs and systems. All these studies are key steps for risk assessment and following legislation for mycotoxins. This Special Issue of Toxins comprises 10 original contributions and two reviews. The Issue reports new findings regarding toxic mechanisms, the use of innovative techniques to study the potential toxicity of mycotoxins not only individually but in combination, reflecting a real scenario according to current studies of mycotoxins.

Medicine --- Destruxin A --- Bombyx mori --- binding protein --- BmTudor-sn --- Bm12 cell --- Ochratoxin A (OTA) --- human Stem Cells --- mycotoxins --- cells --- cytotoxicity --- cell culture --- T-2 toxin --- HT-2 toxin --- apoptosis --- autophagy --- endophyte --- fungi --- neurotoxin --- lolitrems --- ochratoxin A --- beauvericin --- mixtures --- HepG2 cells --- genotoxicity --- cell cycle --- Fusarium --- Aspergillus --- Penicillium --- Alternaria --- emerging mycotoxin --- in vitro --- IPEC-J2 --- occurrence data --- trichothecene --- biosynthetic pathway --- acetyltransferase --- deacetylase --- deoxynivalenol --- 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol --- isotrichodermol --- isotrichodermin --- differentiated Caco-2 cells --- cell apoptosis --- transcriptome analysis --- hepatocyte --- chicken --- acute toxicity --- combined toxicity --- cell protection --- silibinin --- in silico prediction --- co-culture models --- mycotoxin interaction --- Loewe additivity --- combination index --- isobologram --- Chou-Talalay method --- MixLow --- IPEC-J2 cells --- RNA-seq --- inflammation --- MAPKs --- n/a --- Medicine.

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Mycotoxins are a Public Health concern that in last year have reached the top 10 food and product hazard categories in the Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed (RASFF), with almost six hundred notifications. The toxicological effects of mycotoxins are evaluated through the extrapolation of results from in vivo and in vitro assays. Studies of mycotoxins’ effects at the cellular level precede those in organs and systems. All these studies are key steps for risk assessment and following legislation for mycotoxins. This Special Issue of Toxins comprises 10 original contributions and two reviews. The Issue reports new findings regarding toxic mechanisms, the use of innovative techniques to study the potential toxicity of mycotoxins not only individually but in combination, reflecting a real scenario according to current studies of mycotoxins.

Medicine. --- Destruxin A --- Bombyx mori --- binding protein --- BmTudor-sn --- Bm12 cell --- Ochratoxin A (OTA) --- human Stem Cells --- mycotoxins --- cells --- cytotoxicity --- cell culture --- T-2 toxin --- HT-2 toxin --- apoptosis --- autophagy --- endophyte --- fungi --- neurotoxin --- lolitrems --- ochratoxin A --- beauvericin --- mixtures --- HepG2 cells --- genotoxicity --- cell cycle --- Fusarium --- Aspergillus --- Penicillium --- Alternaria --- emerging mycotoxin --- in vitro --- IPEC-J2 --- occurrence data --- trichothecene --- biosynthetic pathway --- acetyltransferase --- deacetylase --- deoxynivalenol --- 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol --- isotrichodermol --- isotrichodermin --- differentiated Caco-2 cells --- cell apoptosis --- transcriptome analysis --- hepatocyte --- chicken --- acute toxicity --- combined toxicity --- cell protection --- silibinin --- in silico prediction --- co-culture models --- mycotoxin interaction --- Loewe additivity --- combination index --- isobologram --- Chou-Talalay method --- MixLow --- IPEC-J2 cells --- RNA-seq --- inflammation --- MAPKs

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Neurotoxicology --- Toxicology --- Neurotoxic agents --- Nervous system --- Neurosciences --- Neurons --- Apoptosis --- Cytoprotection --- Nerve Degeneration --- Nerve Regeneration --- Neurotoxins --- Degeneration --- Regeneration --- drug effects --- Apoptosis. --- Cytoprotection. --- Nerve Degeneration. --- Nerve Regeneration. --- Neurotoxins. --- Neurosciences. --- Neurotoxic agents. --- Neurotoxicology. --- Toxicology. --- drug effects. --- Degeneration. --- Regeneration. --- Chemicals --- Neurotoxicity --- Neuropoisons --- Neurotoxicants --- Neural sciences --- Neurological sciences --- Neuroscience --- Nerve regeneration --- Neural regeneration --- Neuron regeneration --- Degeneration, Nerve --- Nerve degeneration --- Neurodegenerative disease --- Neurodegenerative diseases --- Neurodegenerative disorders --- Neuron degeneration --- Nissl degeneration --- Retrograde degeneration --- Wallerian degeneration --- Alpha-Neurotoxins --- Excitatory Neurotoxins --- Excitotoxin --- Excitotoxins --- Alpha Neurotoxins --- Neurotoxins, Excitatory --- Nerve Regenerations --- Regeneration, Nerve --- Regenerations, Nerve --- Neuron Degeneration --- Degeneration, Neuron --- Degenerations, Nerve --- Degenerations, Neuron --- Nerve Degenerations --- Neuron Degenerations --- Cell Protection --- Protection, Cell --- Apoptosis, Extrinsic Pathway --- Apoptosis, Intrinsic Pathway --- Programmed Cell Death, Type I --- Apoptoses, Extrinsic Pathway --- Apoptoses, Intrinsic Pathway --- Extrinsic Pathway Apoptoses --- Extrinsic Pathway Apoptosis --- Intrinsic Pathway Apoptoses --- Intrinsic Pathway Apoptosis --- Degeneration and regeneration --- Medicine --- Pharmacology --- Poisoning --- Poisons --- Medical sciences --- Nerve grafting --- Regeneration (Biology) --- Degeneration (Pathology) --- Nerve Transfer --- Necrosis --- Cell Death --- Clonal Deletion --- Superantigens --- Caspases --- Caspase 1 --- In Situ Nick-End Labeling --- Cellular Apoptosis Susceptibility Protein --- Genes, Transgenic, Suicide --- Organs (Anatomy) --- Cell death --- Chemistry --- Health Sciences --- Life Sciences --- Clinical Medicine --- General and Others --- Nerve Tissue Regeneration --- Nervous Tissue Regeneration --- Neural Tissue Regeneration --- Nerve Tissue Regenerations --- Nervous Tissue Regenerations --- Neural Tissue Regenerations --- Regeneration, Nerve Tissue --- Regeneration, Nervous Tissue --- Regeneration, Neural Tissue --- Tissue Regeneration, Nerve --- Tissue Regeneration, Nervous --- Tissue Regeneration, Neural --- Caspase-Dependent Apoptosis --- Classic Apoptosis --- Classical Apoptosis --- Programmed Cell Death --- Apoptosis, Caspase-Dependent --- Apoptosis, Classic --- Apoptosis, Classical --- Caspase Dependent Apoptosis --- Cell Death, Programmed --- Classic Apoptoses --- Alpha-Neurotoxin --- Excitatory Neurotoxin --- Neurotoxin --- Alpha Neurotoxin --- Neurotoxin, Excitatory --- Neurotoxicologia --- Toxicologia --- Neurotoxines --- Regeneració del sistema nerviós

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Creatine plays a critical role in cellular metabolism, primarily by binding with phosphate to form phosphocreatine (PCr) as well as shuttling high-energy phosphate compounds in and out of the mitochondria for metabolism. Increasing the dietary availability of creatine increases the tissue and cellular availability of PCr, and thereby enhances the ability to maintain high-energy states during intense exercise. For this reason, creatine monohydrate has been extensively studied as an ergogenic aid for exercise, training, and sport. Limitations in the ability to synthesize creatine and transport and/or store dietary creatine can impair metabolism and is a contributor to several disease states. Additionally, creatine provides an important source of energy during metabolically stressed states, particularly when oxygen availability is limited. Thus, researchers have assessed the role of creatine supplementation on health throughout the lifespan, as well as whether creatine availability may improve disease management and/or therapeutic outcomes. This book provides a comprehensive overview of scientific and medical evidence related to creatine's role in metabolism, health throughout the lifespan, and our current understanding of how creatine can promote brain, heart, vascular and immune health; reduce the severity of musculoskeletal and brain injury; and may provide therapeutic benefits in glucose management and diabetes, cancer therapy, inflammatory bowel disease, and post-viral fatigue.

Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- Food & society --- ergogenic aids --- cellular metabolism --- phosphagens --- sarcopenia --- cognition --- diabetes --- creatine synthesis deficiencies --- concussion --- traumatic brain injury --- spinal cord injury --- muscle atrophy --- rehabilitation --- pregnancy --- immunity --- anti-inflammatory --- antioxidant --- anticancer --- creatine --- nutritional supplements --- fertility --- newborn --- development --- brain injury --- post-viral fatigue syndrome --- chronic fatigue syndrome --- GAA --- creatine kinase --- dietary supplements --- exercise --- skeletal muscle --- glycemic control --- type 2 diabetes mellitus --- phosphorylcreatine --- dietary supplement --- ergogenic aid --- youth --- athletes --- osteoporosis --- osteosarcopenia --- frailty --- cachexia --- innate immunity --- adaptive immunity --- inflammation --- macrophage polarization --- cytotoxic T cells --- toll-like receptors --- vascular pathology --- cardiovascular disease --- oxidative stress --- vascular health --- female --- menstrual cycle --- hormones --- exercise performance --- menopause --- mood --- children --- height --- BMI-for-age --- stature-for-age --- growth --- phosphocreatine --- creatine transporter --- supplementation --- treatment --- heart --- heart failure --- ischemia --- myocardial infarction --- anthracycline --- cardiac toxicity --- energy metabolism --- cell survival --- bioinformatics --- systems biology --- cellular allostasis --- dynamic biosensor --- pleiotropic effects of creatine (Cr) supplementation --- inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) --- ulcerative colitis --- Crohn’s disease --- creatine kinase (CK) --- phosphocreatine (PCr) --- creatine transporter (CrT) --- intestinal epithelial cell protection --- intestinal tissue protection --- creatine perfusion --- organ transplantation --- Adenosine mono-phosphate (AMP) --- activated protein kinase (AMPK) --- liver kinase B1 (LKB1) --- mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) --- reactive oxygen species (ROS) --- glucose transporter (GLUT) --- T cell antitumor immunity --- metabolic regulator --- cancer immunotherapy --- supplements --- muscle damage --- recovery --- immobilization --- atrophy --- muscular dystrophy --- amyotrophic lateral sclerosis --- Parkinson’s Disease --- cardiopulmonary disease --- mitochondrial cytopathy --- hypertrophy --- athletic performance --- weightlifting --- resistance exercise --- training --- muscular power --- muscular adaptation --- muscle fatigue --- adipose tissue --- muscle strength --- physiological adaptation --- mitochondria --- thermogenesis --- MAP kinase signaling system --- sodium-chloride-dependent neurotransmitter symporters --- signal transduction --- intradialytic creatine supplementation --- hemodialysis --- muscle --- protein energy wasting --- clinical trial --- muscle weakness --- chronic fatigue --- cognitive impairment --- depression --- anemia --- resistance training --- sports nutrition --- strength --- toxicity --- methylation --- hyperhomocysteinemia --- neuromodulation --- MCDA --- mitochondriopathia --- cardiac infarction --- long COVID --- hypoxia --- stroke --- neurodegenerative diseases --- noncommunicable disease --- adenosine 5′-monopnophosphate-activated protein kinase --- anthracyclines --- creatine supplementation --- cardiac signaling --- cardiotoxicity --- doxorubicin --- soy --- vegetarian/vegan diet --- amino acids --- dietary ingredients --- performance