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MicroRNAs are the best representatives of the non-coding part of the genome and their functions are mostly linked to their target genes. During the process of carcinogenesis, both dysregulation of microRNAs and their target genes can explain the development of the disease. However, most of the target genes of microRNAs have not yet been elucidated. In this book, we add new information related to the functions of microRNAs in various tumors and their associated targetome.

miR526b --- miR655 --- breast cancer --- angiogenesis --- lymphangiogenesis --- EP4 --- PI3K/Akt --- microRNA-361 --- EMT --- tumor microenvironment --- cancer diagnosis --- cancer treatment --- Bladder cancer --- microRNA --- genetic marker --- progression --- ccRCC --- prognostic biomarker --- miRNA --- transcription factor --- interplay --- microRNAs --- exosomes --- liquid biopsy --- metastasis --- cancer --- liquid biopsies --- tumor --- SNAIL (SNAI1) transcription factor --- epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) --- long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) --- circular RNAs --- viral miRNAs --- EBV --- HHV-8 --- HPV --- HCV --- HBV --- MCPyV --- glioblastoma --- MGMT --- survival --- radiotherapy --- chemotherapy --- temozolomide --- translational medicine --- oncomiRNA --- post-transcriptional regulation --- immune regulation --- adrenocortical carcinoma --- micro RNA --- non-coding RNA --- thyroid carcinoma --- radioactive iodine --- drug resistance --- prognosis --- Burkitt lymphoma --- miR-378a-3p --- cell growth --- pancreatic cancer --- radioresistance --- personalized medicine --- biomarker --- target --- n/a

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This Special Issue of Cancers focuses on new advances in the treatment of renal cell carcinoma, both surgical and pharmacological (and combinations of these), and novel approaches to tackle treatment resistance and improve our understanding of this phenomenon.

Medicine --- renal cell carcinoma --- autophagy --- hydroxychloroquine --- chloroquine --- ROC-325 --- cysteine cathepsins --- cysteine cathepsin inhibitors --- lysosome --- renal cancer --- metastatic renal cell carcinoma --- immune-based combination therapies --- network meta-analysis --- PD-L1 --- predictive --- biomarker --- treatment --- TKIs --- mRCC --- biomarkers --- soluble factors --- immunotherapy --- renal cell carcinoma (RCC) --- sunitib resistance --- artesunate (ART) --- Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) --- growth inhibition --- ferroptosis --- reactive oxygen species (ROS) --- clear cell renal cell carcinoma --- ccRCC --- RCC --- kidney cancer --- evolution --- evolutionary trajectory --- metastatic --- second line therapy --- renal cell cancer --- immune checkpoint inhibitors --- tyrosine kinase inhibitors --- individualization --- genomic signature --- transcriptomic analysis

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MicroRNAs (miRs) are small noncoding RNAs that function as post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression and have important roles in almost all biological pathways. Deregulated miR expression has been detected in numerous cancers, where miRs act as both oncogene and tumor suppressors. Due to their important roles in tumorigenesis, miRs have been investigated as prognostic and diagnostic biomarkers and as useful targets for therapeutic intervention. From a therapeutic point of view, two modalities can serve to rectify gene networks in cancer cells. For oncomiRs, a rational means is downregulation through antagomirs. Moreover, observations of the pathological reductions in tumor-suppressive miRs have inspired the concept of “miR replacement therapy” to enhance the amount of these miRs, thereby restoring them to normal levels. However, the clinical applicability of miR-based therapies is severely limited by the lack of effective delivery systems. Therefore, to understand the role of this new class of regulators, we need to identify the mRNA targets regulated by individual miRs as well as to develop specific, efficient, and safe delivery systems for therapeutic miRs.

Breast cancer --- Hypoxia inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF-1α) --- MicroRNA (miRNA) --- miR526b --- miR655 --- Oxidative stress --- Migration --- Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) --- Prostaglandin E2 receptor 4 (EP4) --- PI3K/Akt --- adipokines --- endometrial cancer --- estrogens --- hyperinsulinemia --- insulin --- insulin resistance --- insulin signaling --- insulin-like growth factors --- microRNA --- miRNA --- ovarian cancer --- survival --- prognostic factor --- serum LDH --- blood biomarker --- circulating microRNA --- plasma --- immunotherapy --- immune checkpoint inhibitors --- metastatic melanoma --- hepatocellular carcinoma --- metastasis --- exosome --- bioinformatics analysis --- renal cancer --- RCC --- ccRCC --- meta-analysis --- miRNAs --- normal B-cell development --- B-CLL --- miRNA-transcription factor network --- regulation --- biomarker --- therapy --- prognosis --- diagnosis --- progression --- prediction --- smoking --- non-small cell lung cancer --- methylation --- miR-584-5p --- YKT6 --- snoRNA --- 2′-O-methylation --- pseudouridylation --- malignant melanoma --- cancer stem cell --- stemness --- head and neck squamous cell carcinoma --- colon cancer --- cancer stem cells --- microRNAs --- deformability --- PARP --- replication stress --- targeted therapy --- breast cancer --- circulating biomarkers --- medulloblastoma --- brain tumour --- subgroups --- stem cells --- n/a --- 2'-O-methylation

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Renal cancer is a health problem of major concern worldwide. Although tyrosine kinase inhibitors and immune check-point blockade treatments, alone or in combination, are giving promising results, failures are quite frequent due to intratumor heterogeneity and to the acquisition of drug resistance. The spectrum of renal cell carcinoma subtypes is wide. Up to 70–80% of renal tumors are clear cell renal cell carcinomas, a clinically aggressive tumor subtype linked to VHL gene inactivation. Next in frequency, the papillary renal cell carcinoma category encompasses an intricate puzzle of classic and newly described entities with poorly defined limits, some of them pending definite clarification. Likewise, the chromophobe–oncocytoma duality, the so-called hybrid tumors and oncocytic neoplasms, remain to be well profiled. Finally, a growing list of very uncommon renal tumors linked to specific molecular signatures fulfill the current portrait of renal cell neoplasia. This Special Issue of Cancers regards RCC from very different perspectives, from the intimate basic mechanisms governing this disease to the clinical practice principles of their diagnoses and treatments. The interested reader will have the opportunity to contact with some of the most recent findings and will be updated with excellent reviews.

Renal cell carcinoma. --- Kidneys --- Cancer. --- Adenocarcinoma of kidney --- Clear cell carcinoma --- Grawitz tumor --- Grawitz's tumor --- Hypernephroid carcinoma --- Hypernephroma --- Renal adenocarcinoma --- Renal cell adenocarcinoma --- Cancer --- N-glycomapping --- n/a --- SMAD proteins --- patient survival --- pro-IL-1? --- survival prediction --- inflammation markers --- tumor migration --- prognostic factors --- practical approach --- circular RNAs in a clinico-genomic predictive model --- glycomarkers --- review --- nephrectomy --- uric acid --- VEGF inhibitors --- metabolic reprogramming --- collecting duct carcinoma --- curcumin --- metabolome profiling --- identification of circular RNAs --- IL-2 --- experimental validation of circular RNA --- Raf/MEK/ERK --- HOT --- PI3K/Akt/mTOR --- pentose phosphate pathway --- kidney cancer --- LOT --- mutation --- RCC --- polybromo-1 --- pale cell --- MMP-9 --- gene expression --- recurrence free survival --- chromosomal loss --- IL-1? --- chronic kidney disease --- glutathione transferase omega 2 --- label-free --- glutathione transferase omega 1 --- emerging entity --- copy number alteration --- FOXO3 --- predictive role --- tumor slice culture --- tyrosine kinase inhibitors --- PPP --- ESC --- CDKN1A expression --- metastasis --- PD-L1 --- diagnostic and prognostic markers --- EVI1 --- copy number loss --- RNA sequencing --- NK cells --- glutathione metabolism --- clear cell renal cell carcinoma --- renal cell cancer --- proliferation --- eosinophilic variant --- Xp11 translocation renal cell carcinoma --- prognosis --- invasion --- immune infiltration --- IL4R? --- FISH --- 11) translocation renal cell carcinoma --- tumor microenvironment --- metabolome --- hyperosmolality --- toxicity --- ALK --- drug sensitivity --- t(6 --- copy number analysis --- urine --- genetic association --- polymorphism --- solute carrier proteins --- kidney --- metastatic ccRCC --- molecular genetic features --- recurrence-free survival --- chromophobe renal cell carcinoma --- unclassified renal tumor --- overall survival --- mTOR inhibitors --- mTOR --- JAK2 --- von Hippel–Lindau --- miR-155-5p --- glycoproteomics --- PBRM1 --- miR-133b --- survival --- TFE3 --- TFEB --- oncocytic renal tumor --- immune checkpoint inhibitors --- biomarker --- MMP10 --- TCGA --- ghrelin --- EMT like --- checkpoint inhibitors --- MiT family translocation renal cell carcinoma --- gene signature --- sarcomatoid --- transforming growth factor beta --- clear cell Renal Cell Carcinoma --- tumor adhesion --- renal cancer --- unclassified renal cell carcinoma --- Papillary renal cell carcinoma (pRCC) --- miR-146a-5p --- renal cell --- everolimus --- integrins --- cytoreductive nephrectomy --- immunotherapy --- predictive factors --- immunohistochemistry --- MTA2 --- IL13R?1 --- targeted therapy --- intratumour heterogeneity --- aurora A --- TCA cycle --- AMP-activated protein kinases --- cancer-specific survival --- programmed death-ligand 1 --- efficacy --- renal cell carcinoma --- anaplastic lymphoma kinase rearrangement --- TFEB-amplified renal cell carcinoma --- statins --- cancer immunotherapy --- microRNA --- new entity --- proteome profiling --- von Hippel-Lindau