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Relicts of a Beautiful Sea: Survival, Extinction, and Conservation in a Desert World

Conservation biology --- Desert ecology --- Toads --- Salamanders --- Ecology --- Nature conservation --- Deserts --- Arid regions ecology --- Xeric ecology --- Anura --- Caudata --- Urodela --- Amphibians --- Great Basin --- Basin and Range Province --- Intermontane region --- Intermountain Region (U.S.) --- Intermountain West (U.S.) --- Climate.

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Several species of Dinophysis produce one or two groups of lipophilic toxins: okadaic acid (OA) and its derivatives; or the dinophysistoxins (DTXs) (also known as diarrhetic shellfish poisons or DSP toxins) and pectenotoxins (PTXs). DSP toxins are potent inhibitors of protein phosphatases, causing gastrointestinal intoxication in consumers of contaminated seafood. Forty years after the identification of Dinophysis as the causative agent of DSP in Japan, contamination of filter feeding shellfish exposed to Dinophysis blooms is recognized as a problem worldwide. DSP events affect public health and cause considerable losses to the shellfish industry. Costly monitoring programs are implemented in regions with relevant shellfish production to prevent these socioeconomic impacts. Harvest closures are enforced whenever toxin levels exceed regulatory limits (RLs). Dinophysis species are kleptoplastidic dinoflagellates; they feed on ciliates (Mesodinium genus) that have previously acquired plastids from cryptophycean (genera Teleaulax, Plagioselmis, and Geminigera) nanoflagellates. The interactions of Dinophysis with different prey regulate their growth and toxin production. When Dinophysis cells are ingested by shellfish, their toxins are partially biotransformed and bioaccumulated, rendering the shellfish unsuitable for human consumption. DSP toxins may also affect shellfish metabolism. This book covers diverse aspects of the abovementioned topics—from the laboratory culture of Dinophysis and the kinetics of uptake, transformation, and depuration of DSP toxins in shellfish to Dinophysis population dynamics, the monitoring and regulation of DSP toxins, and their impact on the shellfish industry in some of the aquaculture regions that are traditionally most affected, namely, northeastern Japan, western Europe, southern Chile, and New Zealand.

WitOMI analysis --- n/a --- DST accumulation --- mussel --- dinophysistoxins --- depuration --- human health --- pectenotoxins (PTXs) --- cryptophytes --- Mesodinium --- dinophysis --- compartmentalization --- resistance --- Japanese scallop --- surf clam --- HAB monitoring --- toxins --- organic matter --- OMI analysis --- PTXs --- time-series --- Diarrhetic shellfish toxins --- predator-prey preferences --- immunity --- okadaic acid --- physical–biological interactions --- defense --- digestion --- Dinophysis --- harmful algal blooms --- pectenotoxin --- El Niño Southern Oscillation --- lysate --- suspended particulate matter (SPM) --- D. caudata --- mixotrophic cultures --- Mytilus galloprovincialis --- bivalves --- diarrhetic shellfish poisoning --- biotransformation --- Mesodinium cf. rubrum --- RNA-Seq --- DST esterification --- Mesodinium rubrum --- statistical analysis --- seasonality --- mass culture conditions --- D. acuminata-complex --- Argopecten purpuratus --- harmful algal bloom --- pipis (Plebidonax deltoides) --- DTX-2 --- Reloncaví Fjord --- pectenotoxins --- deep sequencing --- climatic anomaly --- Brazil --- qPCR --- high throughput sequencing --- DSP --- accumulation --- LC/MS/MS --- Protoceratium reticulatum --- shellfish toxicity --- transcriptomic response --- New Zealand --- blooms --- trophic transfer --- metabolism --- bacterial community --- kinetics --- marine biotoxins --- diarrhetic shellfish toxins --- bivalve shellfish --- Diarrhetic Shellfish Toxins (DST) --- diarrhetic shellfish toxins (DST) --- Scotland --- Dinophysis acuminata --- DSP toxins --- toxin accumulation --- Southern Annual Mode --- Diarrheic Shellfish Poisoning --- Dinophysis toxins --- OA --- marine toxins --- toxin vectors --- wild harvest --- Dinophysis acuta --- Sydney rock oyster (Saccostrea glomerata) --- Argopecten irradians --- dinophysistoxin --- Port Underwood --- aquaculture --- niche partitioning --- Dinoflagellates. --- Dinoflagellata --- Dinoflagellida --- Dinophyceae --- Dinophyta --- Pyrrophycophyta --- Pyrrophyta --- Phytoflagellates --- physical-biological interactions --- El Niño Southern Oscillation --- Reloncaví Fjord

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The management of wildlife populations and their habitats are interdisciplinary fields that encompass many scientific disciplines that also impact the lives of people. Therefore, these are truly applied sciences where human dimensions play an important role.This book highlights the importance of conducting rigorous studies to design and implement the effective management and restoration of wild populations and their habitats. A new paradigm in conservation is developing that goes beyond the boundaries of protected areas to achieve the goal of sustainable development. The 16 papers in this book, including reviews and a project report, cover a broad range of topics, exploring a diversity of subjects that are representative of current practices and novel applications.We would like to thank both the MDPI publishers and editorial staff for their support and help during the process of editing this book, in addition to the authors for their contributions.

Research & information: general --- Geography --- road safety --- roadkill --- clustering --- growth rate --- traffic intensity --- mitigation measures --- roadkill analysis --- movement patterns --- habitat characterisation --- multiple criteria --- multi-objective ranking --- environmental awareness --- machine learning --- random forest model --- structural equation modelling --- latent class analysis --- visitor mapping --- social-ecological systems --- cultural rural landscape --- protected areas --- rewilding --- rural socioeconomics --- forest expansion --- rural to urban land conversion --- biocultural heritage --- biodiversity --- naturalness --- land-cover change --- habitat quality --- InVEST --- ecosystem-based approach and assessment --- nature-based solution --- decision-making support --- national park management --- wildlife protection --- biodiversity conservation --- policy framework --- policy formulation --- China --- agricultural management --- amphibians --- beta diversity --- community ecology --- metacommunities --- constructed wetlands --- bats --- urban ecology --- long-term monitoring --- acoustics --- city parks --- community dynamics --- conservation evaluation --- at-risk species --- golden-winged warbler --- landowner incentives --- New England cottontail --- Natural Resources Conservation Service --- U.S. Department of Agriculture --- Working Lands for Wildlife --- camera-trapping --- conservation puma --- relative integrated anthropization index --- INRA --- South American grey fox --- habitat adaptability --- habitat model --- habitat selection --- habitat suitability --- use versus availability --- Maxent --- presence points --- GPS radio-collars --- anthropogenic variables --- species distribution models --- Spermophilus citellus --- maximum entropy modeling --- species distribution modeling --- climate change refugia --- urodela --- salamandridae --- caudata --- biosphere reserve --- habitat restoration --- species management --- life project --- activity patterns --- Lepus granatensis --- population decline --- niche --- Oryctolagus cuniculus --- roadside census --- predator-prey relationships --- spatio-temporal behavior --- abundance --- distance sampling --- population density --- R package --- wildlife survey --- uncertainty --- occupancy modeling --- road ecology