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Cerebral ischemia is one of the most common causes of dementia, which develops in more than half of patients after an ischemic episode. The main mechanism is thought to be pathological changes in the hippocampus, especially in the CA1 area, underlying episodic memory impairment, which is the earliest and most important clinical symptom of post-ischemic dementia. The 13 chapters of this book present a new picture of ischemic brain disease, synthesizing the latest data on disease mechanisms, care for patients with this disease, and potential therapeutic targets. The authors present the characteristics of cerebral ischemia from pregnancy and childhood through adolescence to adulthood. The first two chapters provide a snapshot of the anatomy of the cerebral cortex and the hippocampus, the most affected brain structures after cerebral ischemia. This is followed by nine chapters that present a comprehensive view of the pathological mechanisms of cerebral ischemia, and how a deep understanding of these pathomechanisms hold the key for the discovery and development of novel therapies to help patients affected by cerebral ischemia. Chapter 12 shares real-life experience and challenges of rehabilitating patients into the community after cerebral ischemia, and chapter 13 analyzes the social risk variations, including gender inequality, in the reintegration of post-ischemic stroke patients. Although primarily aimed at scientists and clinicians, the contents of the book will be of interest to all those who are interested in cerebral ischemia, including patients and their caregivers.

MJN --- Anatomy of the Cerebral Cortex; Anatomy of the Hippocampus; Genes Associated with Alzheimer’s Disease; Hypoxic-Ischemic Brain Injury; Perinatal Asphyxia; Ischemic Brain Injury; Hyperhomocysteinemia; Exosomes in Post-Ischemic Brain; Neuroinflammation in Post-Ischemic Brain; Neurovascular Reactivity in Cerebral Ischemia; Cathepsin B in Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury After Stroke; Curcumin in Post-Ischemic Brain; Treating Cerebral Ischemia; Experimental Stroke Research; Community-Based Rehabilitation in Japan; Social Risk Variation Across Reintegration of Post-Ischemic Stroke Patients

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The Special Issue entitled “Pediatric and adolescent nephrology facing the future: diagnostic advances and prognostic biomarkers in everyday practice” contains articles written in the era when COVID-19 had not yet been a major clinical problem in children. Now that we know its multifaceted clinical course, complications concerning the kidneys, and childhood-specific post-COVID pediatric inflammatory multisystem syndrome (PIMS), the value of diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers in the pediatric area should be appreciated, and their importance ought to increase.

Medicine --- Clinical & internal medicine --- chronic kidney disease --- cytokines --- solitary functioning kidney --- tumor necrosis factor-like weak inducer of apoptosis --- netrin-1 --- renal tubular damage --- premature newborns --- overactive bladder --- urinary microbiome --- children --- adolescents --- cystatin C --- galectin-3 --- periostin --- primary hypertension --- arterial damage --- blood pressure --- neurogenic bladder --- myelomeningocele --- markers --- furosemide stress test --- hyperfiltration --- [IGFBP-7] × [TIMP-2] --- NGAL --- renal angina index --- renal functional reserve --- tubular damage --- tubuloglomerular feedback --- neurotrophins --- transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation --- hemopexin --- nephrotic syndrome --- HNF1B --- hyperuricemia --- PTH --- renal function --- uric acid --- FEUA --- sclerostin --- obesity --- childhood --- dental caries --- gingivitis --- kidney injury --- glomerulopathy --- glomerular injury --- alpha-1 acid glycoprotein --- urinary mRNA expression of podocyte-associated proteins --- cathepsin B --- premature neonates --- immaturity --- NT-proBNP --- cardiovascular disease --- common carotid artery intima-media thickness --- bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-2 --- bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-6 --- extracellular matrix metalloproteinases inducer (EMMPRIN) --- macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) --- tubular functional reserve --- cytokeratin-18 --- endoglin --- transforming growth factor-β1 --- renal fibrosis --- congenital obstructive nephropathy --- diabetic kidney disease --- vascular endothelial markers --- eGFR --- adenine nucleotide metabolites --- chronic renal failure --- antibiotic resistance --- Escherichia coli --- inflammatory markers --- urinary tract infection --- B2M --- cancer --- CCS --- CKD --- nephropathies --- renal toxicity --- voiding cystography --- infection --- urinary tract --- IgA nephropathy --- IgA vasculitis with nephritis --- vanin-1 --- biomarker --- urinary tract infections --- artificial intelligence --- machine learning --- medical decision support system --- n/a