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Disease Models, Animal --- Psychotic Disorders --- Catalepsy --- Porphyrias --- Carbolines --- physiopathology --- pharmacology

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Fits, trances, visions, speaking in tongues, clairvoyance, out-of-body experiences, possession. Believers have long viewed these and similar involuntary experiences as religious--as manifestations of God, the spirits, or the Christ within. Skeptics, on the other hand, have understood them as symptoms of physical disease, mental disorder, group dynamics, or other natural causes. In this sweeping work of religious and psychological history, Ann Taves explores the myriad ways in which believers and detractors interpreted these complex experiences in Anglo-American culture between the mid-eighteenth and early-twentieth centuries. Taves divides the book into three sections. In the first, ranging from 1740 to 1820, she examines the debate over trances, visions, and other involuntary experiences against the politically charged backdrop of Anglo-American evangelicalism, established churches, Enlightenment thought, and a legacy of religious warfare. In the second part, covering 1820 to 1890, she highlights the interplay between popular psychology--particularly the ideas of "animal magnetism" and mesmerism--and movements in popular religion: the disestablishment of churches, the decline of Calvinist orthodoxy, the expansion of Methodism, and the birth of new religious movements. In the third section, Taves traces the emergence of professional psychology between 1890 and 1910 and explores the implications of new ideas about the subconscious mind, hypnosis, hysteria, and dissociation for the understanding of religious experience. Throughout, Taves follows evolving debates about whether fits, trances, and visions are natural (and therefore not religious) or supernatural (and therefore religious). She pays particular attention to a third interpretation, proposed by such "mediators" as William James, according to which these experiences are natural and religious. Taves shows that ordinary people as well as educated elites debated the meaning of these experiences and reveals the importance of interactions between popular and elite culture in accounting for how people experienced religion and explained experience. Combining rich detail with clear and rigorous argument, this is a major contribution to our understanding of Protestant revivalism and the historical interplay between religion and psychology.

Psychology, Religious. --- Methodism. --- Experience (Religion) --- Methodism --- Psychology, Religious --- Religious experience --- Psychology of religion --- Religion --- Religions --- Religious psychology --- Psychology and religion --- Arminianism --- Church polity --- Dissenters, Religious --- Episcopacy --- Evangelical Revival --- History --- Psychological aspects --- Psychology --- Buddha. --- Emmanuel Movement. --- Magnet, The (Sunderland). --- New Thought. --- Presbyterians, Scottish. --- Puritanism. --- Quakers. --- Theosophy. --- adepts, theosophical. --- agency, human. --- catalepsy. --- clairvoyance. --- consciousness. --- delusions, religious. --- enthusiasm. --- fluids: magnetic. --- hell. --- imagination. --- inspiration. --- mental weakness. --- nervous instability. --- out-of-body experience. --- psychical research. --- race: and congregational makeup. --- shamanism. --- shekinah. --- temple: as biblical type. --- voices. --- Experience (Religion) - History - 18th century --- Psychology, Religious - History - 18th century --- Methodism - History - 18th century --- Experience (Religion) - History - 19th century --- Psychology, Religious - History - 19th century --- Methodism - History - 19th century --- religious and psychological hsitory --- fits --- trances --- visions --- speaking in tongues --- clairvoyance --- out-of-body experiences --- possession --- religious experience --- Anglo-American culture --- Evangelism --- Enlightenment thought --- religious warfare --- professional psychology --- the subconscious mind --- hypnosis --- hysteria --- dissociation --- supernatural phenomena --- religion and nature --- Protestant revivalism

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During the last 60 years the relevance of cannabis (Cannabis sativa or Cannabis indica) ingredients, like the psychoactive Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), cannabidiol, 120+ additional cannabinoids and 440+ non-cannabinoid compounds, for human health and disease has become apparent. Approximately 30 years after the elucidation of THC structure the molecular reasons for the biological activity of these plant extracts were made clearer by the discovery of endocannabinoids, that are endogenous lipids able to bind to the same receptors activated by THC. Besides endocannabinoids, that include several N-acylethanolamines and acylesters, a complex array of receptors, metabolic enzymes, transporters (transmembrane, intracellular and extracellular carriers) were also discovered, and altogether they form a so-called “endocannabinoid system” that has been shown to finely tune the manifold biological activities of these lipid signals. Both plant-derived cannabinoids and endocannabinoids were first discovered by the group led by Prof. Dr. Raphael Mechoulam, who has just celebrated his 90th birthday and clearly stood out as a giant of modern science. The many implications of his seminal work for chemistry, biochemistry, biology, pharmacology and medicine are described in this special issue by the scientists who reached during the last 20 years the highest recognition in the field of (endo)cannabinoid research, receiving the Mechoulam Award for their major contributions. I thank them for having accepted my invitation to be part of this honorary issue of Molecules, and Raphi for continuing to illuminate our field with his always inspiring investigations and new ideas.

cannabinoid --- MRI-1867 --- hybrid ligand --- CB1 receptor antagonist --- iNOS inhibitor --- rimonabant --- intracerebroventricular administration --- alcohol craving --- two-bottle paradigm --- drinking in the dark --- N-acyltransferase --- anandamide --- endocannabinoid --- phospholipase A2 --- cannabichromene --- cannabidiolic acid --- cannabidivarin --- cannabidivarinic acid --- phytocannabinoids --- tetrahydrocannabivarin --- 4′-fluoro-cannabidiol --- cannabinoid tetrad --- elevated plus maze --- catalepsy --- marble bury --- HUF-101 --- equilibrative nucleoside transporter --- CB1 --- biased signaling --- functional selectivity --- G-protein --- β-arrestin --- cannabigerol --- anti-inflammatory --- obesity --- cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2R) --- microglia --- inflammaging --- memory --- lipofuscin --- aminoalkylindole --- allodynia --- antinociception --- cannabinoid receptor --- CP55940 --- JWH-018 --- K2 --- pravadoline --- spice --- WIN55212-2 --- type 1 cannabinoid receptor CB1 --- cholesterol --- hippocampus --- frontal cortex --- synaptosomes --- rescue model --- anti-CB1 antibody --- cannabinoids --- GPR55 receptors --- VCE-006.1 --- chromenopyrazole --- Parkinson’s disease --- 6-hydroxydopamine --- lipopolysaccharide --- amyotrophic lateral sclerosis --- mSOD1 mice --- TDP-43 transgenic mice --- PPARs --- gut microbiome --- intestine --- ghrelin --- LEAP2 --- n/a --- 4'-fluoro-cannabidiol --- Parkinson's disease

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A fun and fact-filled A-Z treasury for anyone with a head on their shoulders, Neuropedia journeys into the mysteries and marvels of the three pounds of tissue between your ears—the brain. Eric Chudler takes you on a breathtaking tour of the nervous system with dozens of entries that explore the structure and function of the brain and cover topics such as the spinal cord and nerve cells, the methods of neuroscientific research, and the visionary scientists who have dedicated their lives to understanding what makes each of us who we are. The brain has fascinated and puzzled researchers, physicians, and philosophers for thousands of years and captivated us with each new discovery. This compendium of neuroscientific wonders is brimming with facts and insights, helping us to make sense of our current understanding of the nervous system while identifying the frontiers in our knowledge that remain unexplored. Chudler guides readers through a variety of rare and common neurological disorders such as alien hand disorder, Capgras syndrome, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and stroke, and discusses the latest brain-imaging methods used to diagnose them. He discusses neurochemicals, neurotoxins, and lifesaving drugs, and offers bold perspectives on human consciousness that enable us to better appreciate our place in nature. With marvelous illustrations by Kelly Chudler, Neuropedia is an informative and entertaining trip into the inner world of the brain.

Brain. --- Brain --- Brain --- Acetylcholine receptor. --- Acetylcholine. --- Action potential. --- Addiction. --- Agenesis of the corpus callosum. --- Alien hand syndrome. --- Alzheimer's disease. --- Amnesia. --- Amphibian. --- Anger. --- Anterior cerebral artery. --- Anxiolytic. --- Arachnoid mater. --- Astrocyte. --- Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. --- Axon terminal. --- Axon. --- Blood vessel. --- Blood-brain barrier. --- Brain damage. --- Brain injury. --- CT scan. --- Catalepsy. --- Cerebellum. --- Cerebral cortex. --- Cerebrospinal fluid. --- Chemical synapse. --- Cocaine. --- Coronavirus. --- Covid-19. --- Cranial nerves. --- Delicacy. --- Dementia with Lewy bodies. --- Dendrite. --- Dextroamphetamine. --- Dopamine. --- Dura mater. --- Electrode. --- Electroencephalography. --- Epilepsy. --- Eye movement. --- Gamma-Aminobutyric acid. --- Headache. --- Hormone. --- Human brain. --- Hypothalamus. --- Insecticide. --- Ion channel. --- James W. Watts. --- L-DOPA. --- Lewy body. --- Local anesthetic. --- MDMA. --- Meningitis. --- Muscle. --- Narcolepsy. --- Nerve agent. --- Neural development. --- Neurological disorder. --- Neuron. --- Neuroscientist. --- Neurotransmitter. --- Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. --- Node of Ranvier. --- On Intelligence. --- Oval window. --- Panaeolus. --- Parietal lobe. --- Parkinson's disease. --- Pathology. --- Peripheral nervous system. --- Posterior cerebral artery. --- Princeton University. --- Prosopagnosia. --- Psychology. --- Radio frequency. --- Rapid eye movement sleep. --- Receptor (biochemistry). --- Riluzole. --- Rosemary Kennedy. --- Schizophrenia. --- Scientist. --- Serotonin. --- Short-term memory. --- Sleep disorder. --- Sodium. --- Spatial memory. --- Spina bifida. --- Spinal cord. --- Stimulant. --- Symptom. --- Syndrome. --- Temporal lobe. --- The Canon of Medicine. --- Toothpaste. --- Tourette syndrome. --- Ventricular system. --- Visual Objects. --- Vomiting. --- Wernicke's encephalopathy. --- Anatomy. --- Physiology. --- Acetylcholine receptor. --- Acetylcholine. --- Action potential. --- Addiction. --- Agenesis of the corpus callosum. --- Alien hand syndrome. --- Alzheimer's disease. --- Amnesia. --- Amphibian. --- Anger. --- Anterior cerebral artery. --- Anxiolytic. --- Arachnoid mater. --- Astrocyte. --- Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. --- Axon terminal. --- Axon. --- Blood vessel. --- Blood-brain barrier. --- Brain damage. --- Brain injury. --- CT scan. --- Catalepsy. --- Cerebellum. --- Cerebral cortex. --- Cerebrospinal fluid. --- Chemical synapse. --- Cocaine. --- Coronavirus. --- Covid-19. --- Cranial nerves. --- Delicacy. --- Dementia with Lewy bodies. --- Dendrite. --- Dextroamphetamine. --- Dopamine. --- Dura mater. --- Electrode. --- Electroencephalography. --- Epilepsy. --- Eye movement. --- Gamma-Aminobutyric acid. --- Headache. --- Hormone. --- Human brain. --- Hypothalamus. --- Insecticide. --- Ion channel. --- James W. Watts. --- L-DOPA. --- Lewy body. --- Local anesthetic. --- MDMA. --- Meningitis. --- Muscle. --- Narcolepsy. --- Nerve agent. --- Neural development. --- Neurological disorder. --- Neuron. --- Neuroscientist. --- Neurotransmitter. --- Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. --- Node of Ranvier. --- On Intelligence. --- Oval window. --- Panaeolus. --- Parietal lobe. --- Parkinson's disease. --- Pathology. --- Peripheral nervous system. --- Posterior cerebral artery. --- Princeton University. --- Prosopagnosia. --- Psychology. --- Radio frequency. --- Rapid eye movement sleep. --- Receptor (biochemistry). --- Riluzole. --- Rosemary Kennedy. --- Schizophrenia. --- Scientist. --- Serotonin. --- Short-term memory. --- Sleep disorder. --- Sodium. --- Spatial memory. --- Spina bifida. --- Spinal cord. --- Stimulant. --- Symptom. --- Syndrome. --- Temporal lobe. --- The Canon of Medicine. --- Toothpaste. --- Tourette syndrome. --- Ventricular system. --- Visual Objects. --- Vomiting. --- Wernicke's encephalopathy.