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Biomarkers are of critical medical importance for oncologists, allowing them to predict and detect disease and to determine the best course of action for cancer patient care. Prognostic markers are used to evaluate a patient’s outcome and cancer recurrence probability after initial interventions such as surgery or drug treatments and, hence, to select follow-up and further treatment strategies. On the other hand, predictive markers are increasingly being used to evaluate the probability of benefit from clinical intervention(s), driving personalized medicine. Evolving technologies and the increasing availability of “multiomics” data are leading to the selection of numerous potential biomarkers, based on DNA, RNA, miRNA, protein, and metabolic alterations within cancer cells or tumor microenvironment, that may be combined with clinical and pathological data to greatly improve the prediction of both cancer progression and therapeutic treatment responses. However, in recent years, few biomarkers have progressed from discovery to become validated tools to be used in clinical practice. This Special Issue comprises eight review articles and five original studies on novel potential prognostic and predictive markers for different cancer types.

MSI2 --- OSCC --- oral cancer --- musashi 2 --- prognosis --- N-cadherin --- EMT --- breast cancer --- new metastasis --- eribulin --- blood --- biomarker --- bladder cancer --- immune checkpoint inhibitor --- CD8+ T effector cells --- microRNA --- biomarkers --- head and neck cancer --- laryngeal cancer --- prediction --- metastasis --- lifestyle habit --- chemo-/radio resistance --- therapeutic target --- AKT --- AR --- castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) --- MAPK --- mTOR --- PI3K --- prostate cancer --- therapeutic resistance --- WNT --- miRNA --- melanoma --- melanoma resistance to MAPK/MEK inhibitors --- resistance to immune checkpoint inhibitors --- TNBC --- BRCA1/2 --- HRR --- PDL1 --- TILs --- PI3KCA --- PTEN --- CTCs --- CSC --- pancreatic cancer --- K-RAS oncogene --- oncogene dependency --- targeted therapies --- genomic mutations --- transcriptomics --- metabolomics --- selenoproteins --- cancer --- HUB nodes --- major histocompatibility complex (MHC) --- human leukocyte antigen (HLA) --- antigen processing machinery (APM) molecules --- carcinogenesis --- tumor predisposition --- cancer immunotherapy --- pheochromocytoma --- paraganglioma --- head and neck neoplasms --- head and neck tumors --- genetic syndromes --- mutations --- hyperglycemia --- cardioncology --- nivolumab --- cytokines --- cardiotoxicity --- acetyltransferase --- cancer prognosis --- NAA10 --- n/a

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The analysis of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) as a real-time liquid biopsy approach can be used to obtain new insights into metastasis biology, and as companion diagnostics to improve the stratification of therapies and to obtain insights into the therapy-induced selection of cancer cells. In this book, we will cover all the different facets of CTCs to assemble a huge corpus of knowledge on cancer dissemination: technologies for their enrichment, detection, and characterization; their analysis at the single-cell level; their journey as CTC microemboli; their clinical relevance; their biology with the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT); their stem-cell properties; their potential to initiate metastasis at distant sites; their ex vivo expansion; and their escape from the immune system.

n/a --- FOLFIRINOX --- immunofluorescence imaging --- AR-V7 --- circulating tumour cells --- chemoradioresistance --- CTC-based treatment decisions --- rVAR2 --- immunophenotyping --- immune system --- CellSearch® --- flow cytometry --- clinical trials --- circulating tumor DNA --- synaptophysin --- stem cells --- colorectal cancer --- melanoma --- CTC biology --- platelets --- AR --- CTC capture technology --- castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) --- PD-L1 expression --- rovalpituzumab tesirine --- HMB-45 --- thymidylate synthase --- ctDNA --- tumor cell dissemination --- solid cancers --- metastasis --- locally advanced rectal cancer --- miRNA --- epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) --- NSCLC --- tumor biomarkers --- tumor stem cells --- circulating tumor cells --- major histocompatibility complex class I (MHCI) --- bone marrow --- heterogeneity --- cerebrospinal liquid biopsy --- fish --- glioma --- in vivo flow cytometry --- colorectal surgery --- CellSearch --- single-cell analysis --- disseminated tumor cells --- EasyCount slides --- microsatellite instability --- circulating plasma cells --- circulating leukemia cells --- ARV7 --- SLUG --- androgen receptor --- metastatic colorectal cancer --- leukocyte-derived extracellular vesicles --- prostate cancer (PCa) --- neutrophils --- liquid biopsy --- enzalutamide --- CD133 --- enrichment and detection technologies --- biomarkers --- immune checkpoint inhibitors --- biomarker --- RAD23B --- microbiome --- integrin B1 --- ACCEPT --- emboli --- small-cell lung carcinoma --- EPISPOT --- microfluidics --- early breast cancer --- circulating tumor cells (CTC) --- tumor-initiating cells (TICs) --- immunomodulation --- xenograft models --- CTC-derived xenografts --- malaria --- circulating tumor cells (CTCs) --- clinical utility --- exosomes --- liquid surgery --- ctRNA --- CTCs --- epithelial–mesenchymal transition --- targeted therapy --- hematological cells --- gene expression analysis --- hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) --- breast cancer --- EpCAM enrichment --- prostate cancer --- CTC --- abiraterone --- fibronectin --- CTC-derived ex vivo models --- CTMat --- chromogranin A --- CTM --- exosome --- epithelial-mesenchymal transition