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Derivatives, and derivatives used to hedge financial and operating functions, are designed to allow managers of firms to manage effectively the downside risk of their financial and operating strategies. They also can be very useful tools that allow managers and executives to accurately predict financial and operational performance and manage the investment communities expectations regarding overall firm performance. Derivatives and hedges, however, if not properly designed in conjunction with the firm's risk management strategy, can be potentially disastrous for the firm. The ongoing financial turmoil in markets can be partially explained by company managers and executives not understanding the potential financial statement impact when derivative markets move in a particular direction for longer periods of time than anticipated by firms.
Derivative securities --- Hedge funds --- Accounting. --- derivatives --- hedges --- hedging --- financial instruments --- foreign currency --- hedge effectiveness --- cash flows --- fair value --- forwards --- options --- futures --- swaps --- interest rate derivatives
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The subject of business valuation is a very controversial one. Indeed, many practitioners agree that it is not an exact science. It is therefore understandable that the valuation of Belgian small and medium-sized enterprises is even more so. The lack of visibility of the market makes comparisons almost impossible and involves varied and poorly formalized methodologies. In addition, there are many evaluation techniques and can lead to results that are very different from each other. These differences are mainly due to the parameters used in the implementation of methods. This project-thesis will therefore be divided into two main parts. The first one will present in a theoretical way the different valuation techniques of the host company. It will provide the necessary information to the reader so that he or she can have the knowledge necessary for a proper understanding of the project. The second part will discuss the analyses carried out on the company's operational tool as well as the research carried out on the market, with professionals in the field. The results obtained will then be presented and will lead to modifications and improvements to the Excel tool, which will also be developed in this part of the work. This paper will therefore address some of the parameters used when implementing techniques, such as Small Firm Premium or the amount of equity capital used. It will also make it possible to analyze the relevance of the methods implemented and the accuracy of new techniques. Finally, advice and suggestions will be given to the company in order to enable it to better defend its files and obtain valuation results closer to the prices the market accepts to pay.
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Solvency is an intertemporal concept, relating to the present value of revenues and expenditures, and encompassing both assets and liabilities. But the standard practice among policy makers, financial market participants and international financial institutions is to assess the strength of the fiscal accounts solely on the basis of the cash deficit. Short-term cash flows matter, but a preponderant focus on them can encourage governments to invest too little, especially during episodes of fiscal tightening. This has potentially adverse consequences for growth and, paradoxically, even for fiscal solvency itself. The paper offers an overview of the links between fiscal targets, public investment, and public sector solvency. After reviewing the international experience with public investment under fiscal adjustment, the paper lays out an analytical framework to illustrate the consequences of using the public deficit as a guide to solvency. The paper then discusses some alternatives to conventional cash deficit rules and their implications for investment and fiscal solvency.
Access to Finance --- Cash Flows --- Debt Markets --- Expenditures --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Financial Market --- Financial Market Participants --- Financial Markets --- Fiscal Policy --- International Bank --- International Financial Institutions --- Investment and Investment Climate --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Public Investment --- Public Sector Economics and Finance --- Public Sector Expenditure Analysis and Management --- Solvency
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Liquidity and solvency have been called the "heavenly twins" of banking (Goodhart, Charles, 'Liquidity Risk Management', Financial Stability Review - Special Issue on Liquidity, Banque de France, No. 11, February, 2008). Since these "twins" interact in complex ways, it is difficult - particularly at times of crisis - to distinguish between them, especially in the presence of information asymmetries (Information asymmetry occurs when one party has more or better information than the other, creating an imbalance of power, giving rise to adverse selection and moral hazard ). An insolvent bank can be liquid or illiquid, and a solvent bank may be at times illiquid. In the latter case, insolvency is not far away, since banking is grounded in information and confidence, and it is confidence which in the end determines liquidity. In other words, liquidity is very much endogenous, determined by the general condition of a bank, as well as the perception of it by the public and market participants. Dealing with liquidity risk is more challenging than dealing with other risks, since liquidity is the result of all the operations of a bank and it is fundamentally a relative concept which compares segments of the balance sheet on the asset and liability sides. It does not deal with absolutes, like arguably the concept of capital and it explains why there is not an internationally recognized "Liquidity Accord". This Working Paper addresses key concepts like market and funding liquidity and basic tools to address liquidity issues like cash flows, liquidity gaps and some selected financial ratios. It aims at providing an introductory guide to risk assessment and management, and provides useful and practical guidelines to undertake liquidity assessments which could prove useful in preparing Financial Assessment Programs (FSAPS) in member countries of the Bretton Woods institutions.
Balance sheet --- Banking system --- Bankruptcy and Resolution of Financial Distress --- Banks and Banking Reform --- Cash flows --- Central bank --- Currencies and Exchange Rates --- Debt Markets --- Deposits --- Emerging Markets --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Financial Stability --- Information asymmetries --- Information asymmetry --- International Bank --- Lender --- Liability --- Liability sides --- Liquidity --- Liquidity Risk --- Market participants --- Maturity --- Moral hazard --- Private Sector Development --- Risk Management --- Solvency --- Withdrawal
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Solvency is an intertemporal concept, relating to the present value of revenues and expenditures, and encompassing both assets and liabilities. But the standard practice among policy makers, financial market participants and international financial institutions is to assess the strength of the fiscal accounts solely on the basis of the cash deficit. Short-term cash flows matter, but a preponderant focus on them can encourage governments to invest too little, especially during episodes of fiscal tightening. This has potentially adverse consequences for growth and, paradoxically, even for fiscal solvency itself. The paper offers an overview of the links between fiscal targets, public investment, and public sector solvency. After reviewing the international experience with public investment under fiscal adjustment, the paper lays out an analytical framework to illustrate the consequences of using the public deficit as a guide to solvency. The paper then discusses some alternatives to conventional cash deficit rules and their implications for investment and fiscal solvency.
Access to Finance --- Cash Flows --- Debt Markets --- Expenditures --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Financial Market --- Financial Market Participants --- Financial Markets --- Fiscal Policy --- International Bank --- International Financial Institutions --- Investment and Investment Climate --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Public Investment --- Public Sector Economics and Finance --- Public Sector Expenditure Analysis and Management --- Solvency
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Liquidity and solvency have been called the "heavenly twins" of banking (Goodhart, Charles, 'Liquidity Risk Management', Financial Stability Review - Special Issue on Liquidity, Banque de France, No. 11, February, 2008). Since these "twins" interact in complex ways, it is difficult - particularly at times of crisis - to distinguish between them, especially in the presence of information asymmetries (Information asymmetry occurs when one party has more or better information than the other, creating an imbalance of power, giving rise to adverse selection and moral hazard ). An insolvent bank can be liquid or illiquid, and a solvent bank may be at times illiquid. In the latter case, insolvency is not far away, since banking is grounded in information and confidence, and it is confidence which in the end determines liquidity. In other words, liquidity is very much endogenous, determined by the general condition of a bank, as well as the perception of it by the public and market participants. Dealing with liquidity risk is more challenging than dealing with other risks, since liquidity is the result of all the operations of a bank and it is fundamentally a relative concept which compares segments of the balance sheet on the asset and liability sides. It does not deal with absolutes, like arguably the concept of capital and it explains why there is not an internationally recognized "Liquidity Accord". This Working Paper addresses key concepts like market and funding liquidity and basic tools to address liquidity issues like cash flows, liquidity gaps and some selected financial ratios. It aims at providing an introductory guide to risk assessment and management, and provides useful and practical guidelines to undertake liquidity assessments which could prove useful in preparing Financial Assessment Programs (FSAPS) in member countries of the Bretton Woods institutions.
Balance sheet --- Banking system --- Bankruptcy and Resolution of Financial Distress --- Banks and Banking Reform --- Cash flows --- Central bank --- Currencies and Exchange Rates --- Debt Markets --- Deposits --- Emerging Markets --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Financial Stability --- Information asymmetries --- Information asymmetry --- International Bank --- Lender --- Liability --- Liability sides --- Liquidity --- Liquidity Risk --- Market participants --- Maturity --- Moral hazard --- Private Sector Development --- Risk Management --- Solvency --- Withdrawal
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This paper analyzes the finances of Egypt's listed firms and the performance of the Egyptian stock exchange during the period 2003-07/08. Egyptian companies can be clearly divided into a top tier and a second tier. Egypt's top tier of listed firms tends to finance themselves mainly from operating cash flows, trade credits, and other short-term borrowing. This raises questions as to whether recent performance could have been even better had these firms done more in the way of long-term financing and long-term investment. This issue is even starker for a large second tier of much smaller firms. Regarding the stock market, the analysis finds that the Egyptian Exchange has experienced extraordinary market capitalization growth fueled by strong price increases. Market activity has been increasing as well, but reached expected levels only recently. Despite strong improvement, however, many companies remain illiquid. In its ability to raise capital, Egypt seems to do well, but privatizations and relatively low gross fixed capital formation might distort this picture.
Access to Finance --- Banks & Banking Reform --- Capital formation --- Capital market --- Capital market development --- Cash flows --- Debt Markets --- Economic Theory & Research --- Emerging Markets --- Finance --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Finances --- Financial performance --- Financial systems --- Fixed capital --- International bank --- Long-term investment --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Market capitalization --- Private Sector Development --- Short-term borrowing --- Stock --- Stock exchange --- Stock market --- Stock markets --- Trade credits --- Transaction --- Transaction costs
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November 1999 - Financial reorganization under bankruptcy reduces a firm's debts to serviceable levels through negotiations overseen by courts. Academics have suggested using markets for such negotiations, giving equity holders and junior claimants call options to buy the firm back from senior creditors. Hausch and Ramachandran further develop such a market-based approach for situations in which claimants are severely cash-constrained and there is good reason for existing owner-managers to remain in control. Under the ACCORD scheme - Auction-based Creditor Ordering by Reducing Debts - creditors remain creditors but form a queue, to be serviced in sequence from the firm's operating cash flows. Creditors bid for their position in this queue. Those accepting greater proportionate reductions in the face value of their claims (perhaps most pessimistic about the firm's prospects) are placed ahead of the others. A preexisting hierarchy of claims is honored by having claimants bid for their positions within the relevant segment of the queue. No one in the queue, including owners (who are last), is paid anything until the (reduced) debts of the first in line are fully discharged. The queue then moves up and the next claimant in line is serviced. Deferred creditors, who must wait their turn for the firm's operating cash surpluses, are not junior creditors in the conventional sense. Hausch and Ramachandran determine equilibrium bidding strategies, showing that the firm's aggregate debts would be reduced to a more serviceable level. This would improve the incentives of the firm's owner-managers, who remain in control, to operate the firm efficiently. Economic resources would thus be better used, and losses already incurred would be efficiently and quickly allocated among creditors. Hausch and Ramachandran suggest that ACCORD would be appropriate for East Asia, where, despite new bankruptcy laws, inexperienced courts are unlikely to nudge creditors into a quick negotiated agreement nor to be able to cope with systemic bankruptcy. Moreover, when the government is a major unsatisfied creditor, whose agents may not act in the taxpayers' best interests, market-based solutions might remove political interference from restructuring decisions. Neither owners nor creditors would be worse off than they are now. This paper - a joint product of the Private Sector Development Department, and Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Sector Unit, East Asia and Pacific Region - is part of a larger effort in the region to understand and improve corporate restructuring and governance. The authors may be contacted at dhausch@bus.wisc.edu or sramachandran@worldbank.org.
Aggregate Debts --- Auction --- Bankruptcy --- Bankruptcy Laws --- Bid --- Call Options --- Cash Flows --- Claimant --- Claimants --- Creditor --- Creditors --- Debt Markets --- Debts --- Deposits --- Domestic Banks --- Equity --- Face Value --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Financial Literacy --- Interests --- Investment and Investment Climate --- Junior Creditors --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Market --- Markets --- Strategic Debt Management
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Accounting often is referred to as the language of business; unfortunately, many business professionals lack the fluency in this unique language required to perform basic financial analysis, prepare budgetary forecasts, or compare competing capital investment alternatives. And while there is no shortage of financial-related textbooks or reference manuals, most assume that readers have educational backgrounds - and/or have had years of professional experience - in accounting, financial analysis, or corporate finance. This book targets professionals with limited exposure to - or formal training in - accounting or related finance disciplines. These individuals often include - but certainly are not limited to - engineers, information technology specialists, retail managers, entrepreneurs, marketing directors, construction contractors, attorneys, and even bankers who are making career transitions from consumer lending positions to become commercial loan officers. The primary purpose of this book is to help managers and business owners from diverse professional and educational backgrounds to: (1) converse more effectively with their accounting and finance colleagues; (2) understand the structure and the elements of general-purpose financial statements, (3) identify both the usefulness and the limitations of accounting information; (4) prepare basic financial forecasts; and (5) make sense of commonly used decision-making models.
Accounting. --- Financial statements. --- Accruals --- accounting --- financial statements --- balance sheet --- income statement --- statement of cash flows --- assets --- deferrals --- liabilities --- equity --- revenue --- expenses --- cash flow --- financial analysis --- financial management --- profitability --- solvency --- liquidity --- budgeting --- decision-making --- financial forecasting --- pro forma financial statements --- cost-volume-profit analysis --- breakeven --- capital budgeting --- payback period --- discounted present-value --- internal rate of return --- net present value --- time-value of money
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Fiscal adjustment becomes like walking up the down escalator when growth-promoting spending is cut so much as to lower growth and thus the present value of future tax revenues to a degree that more than offsets the improvement in the cash deficit. Although short-term cash flows matter, a preponderant focus on them encourages governments to invest too little. Cash flow targets also encourage governments to shift investment spending off budget, by seeking private investment in public projects-irrespective of its real fiscal or economic benefits. To evade the action of cash flow targets, some have suggested excluding from their scope certain investments (such as those undertaken by public enterprises deemed commercial or financed by multilaterals). These stopgap remedies might sometimes help protect investment, but they do not provide a satisfactory solution to the underlying problem. Governments can more effectively reduce the biases created by the focus on short-term cash flows by developing indicators of the long-term fiscal effects of their decisions, including accounting and economic measures of net worth, and where appropriate including such measures in fiscal targets or even fiscal rules, replacing the exclusive focus on liquidity and debt.
Accounting --- Bank Policy --- Banks and Banking Reform --- Budget --- Cash Flow --- Cash Flows --- Debt --- Debt Markets --- Defic Exchange --- Economic Stabilization --- Economic Theory and Research --- Emerging Markets --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Financial Literacy --- Fiscal Discipline --- Future --- Investment and Investment Climate --- Investment Spending --- Investments --- Liquidity --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Non Bank Financial Institutions --- Private Financing --- Private Investment --- Private Sector Development --- Public Investment --- Public Investments --- Public Sector Economics and Finance --- Public Sector Expenditure Analysis and Management --- Public Spending --- Revenues --- Tax
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