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Biocatalysis is very appealing to the industry because it allows, in principle, the synthesis of products not accessible by chemical synthesis. Enzymes are very effective, as are precise biocatalysts, as they are enantioselective, with mild reaction conditions and green chemistry. Biocatalysis is currently widely used in the pharmaceutical industry, food industry, cosmetic industry, and textile industry. This includes enzyme production, biocatalytic process development, biotransformation, enzyme engineering, immobilization, the synthesis of fine chemicals and the recycling of biocatalysts. One of the most challenging problems in biocatalysis applications is process optimization. This Special Issue shows that an optimized biocatalysis process can provide an environmentally friendly, clean, highly efficient, low cost, and renewable process for the synthesis and production of valuable products. With further development and improvements, more biocatalysis processes may be applied in the future.

Research & information: general --- catechin --- degalloylation --- flavonol --- glycoside hydrolase --- optimization --- tannase --- immobilized DERA --- statin side chain --- continuous flow synthesis --- alginate-luffa matrix --- design of experiments --- Anguilla marmorata --- eel protein hydrolysates --- functional properties --- herbal eel extracts --- agarose --- agarase --- agarotriose --- agaropentaose --- expression --- calycosin --- calycosin-7-O-β-D-glucoside --- glucosyltransferase --- sucrose synthase --- UDP-glucose recycle --- UGT–SuSy cascade reaction --- Candida antarctica lipase A --- surface-display system --- shear rate --- mass transfer rate --- enzymatic kinetic study --- enzymatic synthesis --- β-amino acid esters --- microreactor --- aromatic amines --- Michael addition --- kraft pulp --- cellulose --- xylan --- enzymatic hydrolysis --- Penicillium verruculosum --- glucose --- xylose --- lipase --- acidolysis --- docosahexaenoic acid ethyl ester --- eicosapentaenoic acid ethyl ester --- ethyl acetate --- kinetics --- styrene monooxygenase --- indole monooxygenase --- two-component system --- chiral biocatalyst --- solvent tolerance --- biotransformation --- epoxidation --- NAD(P)H-mimics --- superoxide dismutase (SOD) --- catalase (CAT) --- glutathione reductase (GR) --- aluminum (Al) --- selenium (Se) --- mouse --- brain --- liver --- phosphatidylcholine --- 3,4-dimethoxycinnamic acid --- enzymatic interesterification --- biocatalysis --- Pleurotus ostreatus --- enenzymatic hydrolysis --- peptide --- antioxidant --- hepatoprotective activity --- Yarrowia lipolytica --- whole–cell biocatalysis --- indolizine --- cycloaddition --- trehalose --- viscosity --- enzymes --- protein dynamics --- Kramers’ theory --- protein stabilization --- enzyme inhibition --- Lipase --- transesterification --- 2-phenylethyl acetate --- packed-bed reactor --- solvent-free --- cyclic voltammetry --- electrochemical impedance spectroscopy --- carbon nanotubes --- redox mediators --- CYP102A1 --- naringin dihydrochalcone --- neoeriocitrin dihydrochalcone --- regioselective hydroxylation --- n/a --- UGT-SuSy cascade reaction --- whole-cell biocatalysis --- Kramers' theory

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Biotransformation has accompanied mankind since the Neolithic community, when people settled down and began to engage in agriculture. Modern biocatalysis started in the mid-1850s with the pioneer works of Pasteur. Today, biotransformations have become an indispensable part of our lives, similar to other hi-tech products. Now, in 2019, biocatalysis “received” the Nobel Prize in Chemistry due to prof. Frances H. Arnold’s achievements in the area of the directed evolution of enzymes. This book deals with some major topics of biotransformation, such as the application of enzymatic methods in glycobiology, including the synthesis of hyaluronan, complex glycoconjugates of N-acetylmuramic acid, and the enzymatic deglycosylation of rutin. Enzymatic redox reactions were exemplified by the enzymatic synthesis of indigo from indole, oxidations of β-ketoesters and the engineering of a horse radish peroxidase. The enzymatic reactions were elegantly employed in biosensors, such as glucose oxidase, in the case of electrochemical glucose sensors. Nitrilases are important enzymes for nitrile metabolism in plants and microorganisms have already found broad application in industry—here, these enzymes were for the first time described in Basidiomyceta. This book nicely describes molecular biocatalysis as a pluripotent methodology—“A jack of all trades...”—which strongly contributes to the high quality and sustainability of our daily lives.

Technology: general issues --- E. coli --- recombinant horseradish peroxidase --- site-directed mutagenesis --- periplasm --- glycosylation sites --- Aspergillus niger --- quercetin --- rutin --- rutinose --- rutinosidase --- “solid-state biocatalysis” --- hyaluronic acid --- in vitro synthesis --- one-pot multi-enzyme --- optimization --- enzyme cascade --- Basidiomycota --- Agaricomycotina --- nitrilase --- cyanide hydratase --- nitrile --- substrate specificity --- overproduction --- homology modeling --- substrate docking --- phylogenetic distribution --- indigo --- MISO library --- flavin --- monooxygenase --- FMO --- β-N-acetylhexosaminidases --- transglycosylation --- Glide docking --- Talaromyces flavus --- muramic acid --- non-reducing carbohydrate --- glucose oxidase --- direct electron transfer --- amine-reactive phenazine ethosulfate --- glucose sensor --- glycemic level monitoring --- Pseudomonas putida MnB1 --- biogenic manganese oxides --- abiotic manganese oxides --- α-Hydroxy-β-keto esters --- whole-cell biocatalysis --- surface display --- cell wall anchor --- Lactobacillus plantarum --- whole-cell biocatalyst --- n/a --- Fe(II)/2-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase --- 2-ketoglutarate generation --- regio- and stereo-selective synthesis --- hydroxy amino acids --- sequential cascade reaction --- "solid-state biocatalysis"

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Biotransformation has accompanied mankind since the Neolithic community, when people settled down and began to engage in agriculture. Modern biocatalysis started in the mid-1850s with the pioneer works of Pasteur. Today, biotransformations have become an indispensable part of our lives, similar to other hi-tech products. Now, in 2019, biocatalysis “received” the Nobel Prize in Chemistry due to prof. Frances H. Arnold’s achievements in the area of the directed evolution of enzymes. This book deals with some major topics of biotransformation, such as the application of enzymatic methods in glycobiology, including the synthesis of hyaluronan, complex glycoconjugates of N-acetylmuramic acid, and the enzymatic deglycosylation of rutin. Enzymatic redox reactions were exemplified by the enzymatic synthesis of indigo from indole, oxidations of β-ketoesters and the engineering of a horse radish peroxidase. The enzymatic reactions were elegantly employed in biosensors, such as glucose oxidase, in the case of electrochemical glucose sensors. Nitrilases are important enzymes for nitrile metabolism in plants and microorganisms have already found broad application in industry—here, these enzymes were for the first time described in Basidiomyceta. This book nicely describes molecular biocatalysis as a pluripotent methodology—“A jack of all trades...”—which strongly contributes to the high quality and sustainability of our daily lives.

Technology: general issues --- E. coli --- recombinant horseradish peroxidase --- site-directed mutagenesis --- periplasm --- glycosylation sites --- Aspergillus niger --- quercetin --- rutin --- rutinose --- rutinosidase --- "solid-state biocatalysis" --- hyaluronic acid --- in vitro synthesis --- one-pot multi-enzyme --- optimization --- enzyme cascade --- Basidiomycota --- Agaricomycotina --- nitrilase --- cyanide hydratase --- nitrile --- substrate specificity --- overproduction --- homology modeling --- substrate docking --- phylogenetic distribution --- indigo --- MISO library --- flavin --- monooxygenase --- FMO --- β-N-acetylhexosaminidases --- transglycosylation --- Glide docking --- Talaromyces flavus --- muramic acid --- non-reducing carbohydrate --- glucose oxidase --- direct electron transfer --- amine-reactive phenazine ethosulfate --- glucose sensor --- glycemic level monitoring --- Pseudomonas putida MnB1 --- biogenic manganese oxides --- abiotic manganese oxides --- α-Hydroxy-β-keto esters --- whole-cell biocatalysis --- surface display --- cell wall anchor --- Lactobacillus plantarum --- whole-cell biocatalyst --- Fe(II)/2-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase --- 2-ketoglutarate generation --- regio- and stereo-selective synthesis --- hydroxy amino acids --- sequential cascade reaction

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Heterocycles feature widely in natural products, agrochemicals, pharmaceuticals and dyes, and their synthesis is of great interest to synthetic chemists in both academia and industry. The contributions of recent applications of new methodologies in C–H activation, photoredox chemistry, cross-coupling strategies, borrowing hydrogen catalysis, multicomponent and solvent-free reactions, regio- and stereoselective syntheses, as well as other new, attractive approaches for the construction of heterocyclic scaffolds are of great interest. This Special Issue is dedicated to featuring the latest research that is ongoing in the field of heterocyclic synthesis. It is expected that most submissions will focus on five- and six-membered oxygen and nitrogen-containing heterocycles, but structures incorporating other rings/heteroatoms will also be considered. Original research (communications, full papers and reviews) that discusses innovative methodologies for assembling heterocycles with potential application in materials, catalysis and medicine are therefore welcome.

amine nucleophiles --- alkynoic acids --- cascade reaction --- gold catalysis --- fused N-heterocycles --- solid-phase synthesis --- ketone --- traceless synthesis --- natural products --- enol ethers --- photocatalysis --- photoredox --- visible-light-induced catalysis --- photoredox cyclization --- organic dyes --- heterocycles --- dihydrocoumarins --- synthesis --- 3-trifluoroacetyl coumarins --- phenols --- antifungal activities --- terpyridines --- 3,2′:6′,3″-terpyridine --- cyclohexanol derivative --- condensation --- heterocyclic --- 1,2,3-triazol --- triazolylmethyl phosphinate --- triazolylmethyl phosphate --- copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition --- click reaction --- azides --- cinnolines --- triazoles --- CuAAC --- alkynes --- cycloalkynes --- Richter cyclization --- Suzuki coupling --- fluorescence --- cytotoxicity --- coumarin --- pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridine --- silica sulfuric acid --- 2H-pyran --- valence isomerism --- 1-oxa-triene --- dienone --- oxa-electrocyclization --- Knoevenagel --- propargyl Claisen --- cycloisomerization --- asymmetric dimeric β-carboline --- acylhydrazone group --- cytotoxic --- antitumor --- structure–activity relationship --- γ-lactam --- pyrrolidones --- multicomponent reactions --- organocatalysis --- pyridine --- CF3CO-acetylenes --- 1,3-oxazines --- fluorinated heterocycles --- saturated oxygen heterocycles --- cyclic ethers --- total synthesis --- multicomponent reaction --- α-halohydrazones --- Staudinger reaction --- aza-Wittig --- 1H-imidazole-2(3H)-thione --- 2H-imidazo[2,1-b][1,3,4]thiadiazine --- purine --- nucleobase --- aromatic substitution --- arylation --- fluoroalcohol --- α-chloroglycinates --- 5-acylamino-1,3-thiazoles --- Hantzsch reaction --- TMSBr --- propargylic alcohols --- cascade cyclization --- 4-bromo quinolines --- synthesis of benzofurans --- intra-molecular approach --- inter-molecular approach --- n/a --- 3,2':6',3"-terpyridine --- structure-activity relationship

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Biocatalysis is very appealing to the industry because it allows, in principle, the synthesis of products not accessible by chemical synthesis. Enzymes are very effective, as are precise biocatalysts, as they are enantioselective, with mild reaction conditions and green chemistry. Biocatalysis is currently widely used in the pharmaceutical industry, food industry, cosmetic industry, and textile industry. This includes enzyme production, biocatalytic process development, biotransformation, enzyme engineering, immobilization, the synthesis of fine chemicals and the recycling of biocatalysts. One of the most challenging problems in biocatalysis applications is process optimization. This Special Issue shows that an optimized biocatalysis process can provide an environmentally friendly, clean, highly efficient, low cost, and renewable process for the synthesis and production of valuable products. With further development and improvements, more biocatalysis processes may be applied in the future.

Research & information: general --- catechin --- degalloylation --- flavonol --- glycoside hydrolase --- optimization --- tannase --- immobilized DERA --- statin side chain --- continuous flow synthesis --- alginate-luffa matrix --- design of experiments --- Anguilla marmorata --- eel protein hydrolysates --- functional properties --- herbal eel extracts --- agarose --- agarase --- agarotriose --- agaropentaose --- expression --- calycosin --- calycosin-7-O-β-D-glucoside --- glucosyltransferase --- sucrose synthase --- UDP-glucose recycle --- UGT-SuSy cascade reaction --- Candida antarctica lipase A --- surface-display system --- shear rate --- mass transfer rate --- enzymatic kinetic study --- enzymatic synthesis --- β-amino acid esters --- microreactor --- aromatic amines --- Michael addition --- kraft pulp --- cellulose --- xylan --- enzymatic hydrolysis --- Penicillium verruculosum --- glucose --- xylose --- lipase --- acidolysis --- docosahexaenoic acid ethyl ester --- eicosapentaenoic acid ethyl ester --- ethyl acetate --- kinetics --- styrene monooxygenase --- indole monooxygenase --- two-component system --- chiral biocatalyst --- solvent tolerance --- biotransformation --- epoxidation --- NAD(P)H-mimics --- superoxide dismutase (SOD) --- catalase (CAT) --- glutathione reductase (GR) --- aluminum (Al) --- selenium (Se) --- mouse --- brain --- liver --- phosphatidylcholine --- 3,4-dimethoxycinnamic acid --- enzymatic interesterification --- biocatalysis --- Pleurotus ostreatus --- enenzymatic hydrolysis --- peptide --- antioxidant --- hepatoprotective activity --- Yarrowia lipolytica --- whole-cell biocatalysis --- indolizine --- cycloaddition --- trehalose --- viscosity --- enzymes --- protein dynamics --- Kramers' theory --- protein stabilization --- enzyme inhibition --- Lipase --- transesterification --- 2-phenylethyl acetate --- packed-bed reactor --- solvent-free --- cyclic voltammetry --- electrochemical impedance spectroscopy --- carbon nanotubes --- redox mediators --- CYP102A1 --- naringin dihydrochalcone --- neoeriocitrin dihydrochalcone --- regioselective hydroxylation