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Mitochondria play an increasingly central role in the context of cellular physiology. These organelles possess their own genome (mtDNA), which is functionally coordinated with the nuclear genome. Mitochondrial gene expression is mediated by molecular processes (replication, transcription, translation, and assembly of respiratory chain complexes) that all take place within the mitochondria. Several aspects of mtDNA expression have already been well characterized, but many more either are under debate or have yet to be discovered. Understanding the molecular processes occurring in mitochondria also has clinical relevance. Dysfunctions affecting these important metabolic ‘hubs’ are associated with a whole range of severe disorders, known as mitochondrial diseases. In recent years, significant progress has been made to understand the pathogenic mechanisms underlying mitochondrial dysfunction; however, to date, mitochondrial diseases are complex genetic disorders without any effective therapy. Current therapeutic strategies and clinical trials are aimed at mitigating clinical manifestations and slowing the disease progression to improve the quality of life of patients. The goal of the Special Issue ‘Mitochondria: from Physiology to Pathology’ published in Life (ISSN: 2075-1729) was to collect research and review articles covering the physiological and pathological aspects related to mtDNA maintenance and gene expression, mitochondrial biogenesis, protein import, organelle metabolism, and quality control.

atherosclerosis --- carotid intima-media thickness --- mitochondrial mutations --- cardiovascular risk factors --- mitochondria --- mtDNA --- cristae --- mitochondrial fission --- mitochondrial fusion --- mitochondrial diseas --- mitochondrial dynamics --- mitoenergetics --- mitosteroidogenesis --- LH --- cAMP --- Leydig cell --- mitochondrial DNA segregation --- heteroplasmy --- selective elimination --- mitophagy --- mitochondrial engineered nucleases --- kinases --- phosphorylation --- disease --- PINK1 --- Parkinson’s disease --- mitochondria homeostasis --- Cterm --- MELAS --- transmitochondrial cybrids --- aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases --- LARS2 --- mitochondrial disease --- therapeutic peptides --- FAD synthase --- FAD1 --- mitochondria localization --- Saccharomyces cerevisiae --- mRNA --- mitochondrial localization motif --- n/a --- Parkinson's disease

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There has been significant progress in the field of interventional cardiology, from the development of newer devices to newer applications of technology, resulting in improved cardiovascular outcomes. The goal of this Special Issue is to update practicing clinicians and provide a comprehensive collection of original articles, reviews, and editorials. To this end, we invited state-of-the-art reviews, including reviews of new technology and therapeutics, as well as original research in this area to be considered for inclusion in this issue. Examples include the history and evolution of interventional techniques, reviews of specific devices and technologies for coronary artery disease (i.e., stent technology, atherectomy devices, coronary physiology, intracoronary imaging, and robotics), structural heart diseases (i.e., ASD: atrial septal defect; LAAC: left atrial appendage closure; MC: MitraClip; PFO: patent foramen ovale; TAVI: transcatheter aortic valve implantation), advances in the management of challenging coronary anatomy, new biomarkers of cardiovascular disease (noncoding RNAs, etc.), and interventional techniques in the management of heart failure, peripheral arterial diseases, and pulmonary embolism. This Special Issue presents the most recent advances in the field of coronary and structural heart diseases as well as their implications for future patient care.

Medicine --- left atrial appendage --- WATCHMAN occlusive device --- 2D transesophageal echocardiography --- 3D transesophageal echocardiography --- computerized tomography --- atherosclerosis --- cholesterol --- FDG --- inflammation --- PET --- statins --- coronary artery bypass --- on-pump coronary artery bypass --- off-pump coronary artery bypass --- young patients --- severe aortic stenosis --- longitudinal axis strain --- late gadolinium enhancement --- cardiac magnetic resonance imaging --- optical coherence tomography --- percutaneous coronary interventions --- borderline lesions --- nonsignificant lesions --- left main --- bifurcations --- bilateral internal mammary artery --- coronary artery disease --- coronary artery bypass grafting --- da Vinci --- sternotomy --- outcome --- stent thrombosis --- bioresorbable scaffold --- drug eluting stents --- stent bioresorbable --- congenital heart disease --- cardiac surgery --- open heart --- progenitor cells --- regeneration --- stem cells --- subclinical coronary artery disease --- accelerated atherosclerosis --- HIV infection --- carotid intima-media thickness --- coronary calcium scoring --- coronary CT angiography --- magnetic resonance angiography --- fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography --- mechanical circulatory support --- percutaneous coronary intervention --- cardiogenic shock --- acute myocardial infarction --- patient selection --- right heart catheterization --- pulmonary hypertension --- heart failure --- diagnosis --- prognostic evaluation --- clinical implications --- systemic disease --- cardiac computed tomography --- cardiac magnetic resonance --- feature tracking --- tagging --- myocardial deformation --- strain --- radial --- ulnar --- distal radial --- snuffbox --- aortic valvuloplasty --- dual antiplatelet therapy --- antiplatelet --- structural heart disease --- bioresorbable vascular scaffold --- drug-eluting stent --- angioplasty --- acute coronary syndrome --- chronic total occlusion --- target vessel failure --- re-occlusion --- surveillance coronary angiography --- meta-analysis --- ACURATE neo --- SAPIEN 3 --- transcatheter aortic valve replacement --- TAVR --- TAVI --- low risk --- STS --- aortic stenosis --- SAVR --- left atrial appendage --- WATCHMAN occlusive device --- 2D transesophageal echocardiography --- 3D transesophageal echocardiography --- computerized tomography --- atherosclerosis --- cholesterol --- FDG --- inflammation --- PET --- statins --- coronary artery bypass --- on-pump coronary artery bypass --- off-pump coronary artery bypass --- young patients --- severe aortic stenosis --- longitudinal axis strain --- late gadolinium enhancement --- cardiac magnetic resonance imaging --- optical coherence tomography --- percutaneous coronary interventions --- borderline lesions --- nonsignificant lesions --- left main --- bifurcations --- bilateral internal mammary artery --- coronary artery disease --- coronary artery bypass grafting --- da Vinci --- sternotomy --- outcome --- stent thrombosis --- bioresorbable scaffold --- drug eluting stents --- stent bioresorbable --- congenital heart disease --- cardiac surgery --- open heart --- progenitor cells --- regeneration --- stem cells --- subclinical coronary artery disease --- accelerated atherosclerosis --- HIV infection --- carotid intima-media thickness --- coronary calcium scoring --- coronary CT angiography --- magnetic resonance angiography --- fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography --- mechanical circulatory support --- percutaneous coronary intervention --- cardiogenic shock --- acute myocardial infarction --- patient selection --- right heart catheterization --- pulmonary hypertension --- heart failure --- diagnosis --- prognostic evaluation --- clinical implications --- systemic disease --- cardiac computed tomography --- cardiac magnetic resonance --- feature tracking --- tagging --- myocardial deformation --- strain --- radial --- ulnar --- distal radial --- snuffbox --- aortic valvuloplasty --- dual antiplatelet therapy --- antiplatelet --- structural heart disease --- bioresorbable vascular scaffold --- drug-eluting stent --- angioplasty --- acute coronary syndrome --- chronic total occlusion --- target vessel failure --- re-occlusion --- surveillance coronary angiography --- meta-analysis --- ACURATE neo --- SAPIEN 3 --- transcatheter aortic valve replacement --- TAVR --- TAVI --- low risk --- STS --- aortic stenosis --- SAVR