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This eBook is a collection of articles from a Frontiers Research Topic. Frontiers Research Topics are very popular trademarks of the Frontiers Journals Series: they are collections of at least ten articles, all centered on a particular subject. With their unique mix of varied contributions from Original Research to Review Articles, Frontiers Research Topics unify the most influential researchers, the latest key findings and historical advances in a hot research area! Find out more on how to host your own Frontiers Research Topic or contribute to one as an author by contacting the Frontiers Editorial Office: frontiersin.org/about/contact

Science: general issues --- Botany & plant sciences --- abiotic stress --- carbon balance --- crosstalk --- drought --- light --- osmotic stress --- photoinhibition --- temperature

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Each year, the concentration of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) in the mixed layer at Station S in the Sargasso Sea decreases from winter to summer by about 30 umol/kg. The authors of this study demonstrate that by simultaneously observing changes in the stable isotopic ration of DIC, it is possible to quantify the contribution of physical and biological processes to this summer-fall drawdown. They find that biology is the dominant contrbutor to the drawdown, but that physical processes also play an important role.

Seawater --- Carbon --- Carbon cycle (Biogeochemistry) --- Analysis. --- air sea boundary layer. --- air sea exchange. --- bermuda. --- biogeochemistry. --- carbon balance. --- carbon cycle. --- carbon. --- conservation. --- dic. --- ecosystem. --- environment. --- environmentalism. --- healthy oceans. --- inorganic carbon. --- island. --- marine environments. --- natural science. --- nature. --- nonfiction. --- ocean. --- oceanography. --- pollution. --- sargasso sea. --- science. --- sea. --- seawater. --- sediment traps. --- surface oceans. --- tropics. --- upper ocean. --- water health.

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This book is based on a Special Issue of the journal LAND that draws together a collection of 11 diverse articles at the nexus of climate change, landscapes, and livelihoods in rural Africa; all explore the links between livelihood and landscape change, including shifts in farming practices and natural resource use and management. The articles, which are all place-based case studies across nine African countries, cover three not necessarily mutually exclusive thematic areas, namely: smallholder farming livelihoods under new climate risk (five articles); long-term dynamics of livelihoods and landscape change and future trajectories (two articles); and natural resource management and governance under a changing climate, spanning forests, woodlands, and rangelands (four articles). The commonalities, key messages, and research gaps across the 11 articles are presented in a synthesis article. All the case studies pointed to the need for an integrated and in-depth understanding of the multiple drivers of landscape and livelihood change and how these interact with local histories, knowledge systems, cultures, complexities, and lived realities. Moreover, where there are interventions (such as new governance systems, REDD+ or climate smart agriculture), it is critical to interrogate what is required to ensure a fair and equitable distribution of emerging benefits.

n/a --- adaptation --- agroforestry --- institution --- precipitation --- assets --- landscape change --- Ex-ACT --- firewood --- agrarian dynamics --- boundaries --- Longitudinal studies --- trends --- climate change --- agent-based-model --- mitigation --- social-ecological systems --- commercial agriculture --- dependency --- Tanzania --- Africa --- Ghana --- vulnerability --- sustainable livelihoods --- cocoa --- governance systems --- conservation --- livelihoods --- South Africa --- farm dwellers --- pastoralists --- REDD+ --- climate smart agriculture --- drivers --- climate-smart agriculture --- natural resources --- grazing --- pastoral mobility --- poverty alleviation --- Samburu pastoralists --- adoption --- resilience --- traditional authorities --- market-based conservation --- precariat --- agency --- savannahs --- rural entrepreneurs --- carbon balance --- small-scale irrigation farming --- Kenya --- religion --- household income --- communal grazing regulations --- perceptions --- Southern Africa --- culture --- Chinyanja Triangle --- neoliberal conservation

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Understanding the differences in carbon and nitrogen distribution and cycling both spatially and temporally using various approaches is essential in forest ecosystems. In addition, the influence of biotic and abiotic factors as well as natural and artificial disturbances on carbon and nitrogen cycling need to first be understood before drawing their implications to forest management practices. This Special Issue aims to understand carbon and nitrogen distribution and cycling in forest ecosystems for ecosystem-based forest management under different natural and artificial disturbances.

carbon --- decomposition --- disturbance --- ecosystem process --- extracellular enzymes --- exoenzymes --- forest fire --- nitrogen --- soil enzymes --- succession --- net primary production --- spatiotemporal patterns --- climate change --- phenology --- China --- protected forest --- carbon sequestration --- Abies religiosa --- soil organic carbon --- dissolved organic matter --- nitrogen addition --- Phyllostachys edulis --- carbon cycling --- Pinus resinosa --- soil respiration --- stand age --- carbon mass --- NPP --- Picea crassifolia --- carbon balance --- Qinling Mountains --- biomass regression model --- eddy covariance --- net primary productivity --- net ecosystem exchange --- hyphal exploration strategy --- atmospheric nitrogen deposition --- Russula --- deep soil --- forest floor --- forest management --- fertilization --- thinning --- fixed depth --- equivalent soil mass --- soil nitrogen mineralization --- plant-soil interactions --- resin core method --- forest conversion --- headwater catchment

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Understanding the differences in carbon and nitrogen distribution and cycling both spatially and temporally using various approaches is essential in forest ecosystems. In addition, the influence of biotic and abiotic factors as well as natural and artificial disturbances on carbon and nitrogen cycling need to first be understood before drawing their implications to forest management practices. This Special Issue aims to understand carbon and nitrogen distribution and cycling in forest ecosystems for ecosystem-based forest management under different natural and artificial disturbances.

Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- Technology, engineering, agriculture --- carbon --- decomposition --- disturbance --- ecosystem process --- extracellular enzymes --- exoenzymes --- forest fire --- nitrogen --- soil enzymes --- succession --- net primary production --- spatiotemporal patterns --- climate change --- phenology --- China --- protected forest --- carbon sequestration --- Abies religiosa --- soil organic carbon --- dissolved organic matter --- nitrogen addition --- Phyllostachys edulis --- carbon cycling --- Pinus resinosa --- soil respiration --- stand age --- carbon mass --- NPP --- Picea crassifolia --- carbon balance --- Qinling Mountains --- biomass regression model --- eddy covariance --- net primary productivity --- net ecosystem exchange --- hyphal exploration strategy --- atmospheric nitrogen deposition --- Russula --- deep soil --- forest floor --- forest management --- fertilization --- thinning --- fixed depth --- equivalent soil mass --- soil nitrogen mineralization --- plant-soil interactions --- resin core method --- forest conversion --- headwater catchment