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The potential for pension funds to contribute to capital markets and thereby economic growth has been argued on a theoretical basis and demonstrated empirically. However, reforms fostering the development of funded pension systems have not had the economic impact hoped for in some countries. Pension fund portfolios in some cases have remained highly exposed to shorter-term assets, such as bank deposits and shorter-term government bonds. This, in turn, has led to relatively low investment returns, thereby potentially affecting income adequacy in retirement. This paper looks at the potential regulatory hurdles to long-term investment by pension funds, while also proposing international diversification and the creation of domestic investment opportunities to help portfolio diversification and ultimately improve the delivery of secure, adequate pensions.

Asset Allocation --- Capital Control --- Capital Gain --- Capital Markets --- Diversification --- Financial Instruments --- Pension Funds --- Portfolio --- Regulation

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Institutions matter for economic development. Yet despite this accepted wisdom, new institutional economics (NIE) has yet to provide a comprehensive look at what constitutes the institutional foundation of economic development (IFED). Bringing together findings from a range a fields, from development economics and development studies to political science and sociology, this title explores the precise mechanisms through which institutions affect growth. Shiping Tang contends that institutions shape economic development through four 'Big Things': possibility, incentive, capability, and opportunity. From this perspective, IFED has six major dimensions: political hierarchy, property rights, social mobility, redistribution, innovation protection, and equal opportunity. Tang further argues that IFED is only one pillar within the New Development Triangle (NDT).

Economic development. --- Institutional economics. --- Political stability --- BUSINESS & ECONOMICS / Development / Economic Development. --- Economic aspects. --- Aggregate demand. --- Autocracy. --- Basic education. --- Bond Yield. --- Bureau of Economic Analysis. --- Capital accumulation. --- Capital control. --- Capital market. --- Classical economics. --- Consumer behaviour. --- Consumer spending. --- Consumer. --- Consumption (economics). --- Convergence (economics). --- Cost Of Funds. --- Credit default swap. --- Credit risk. --- Currency. --- Current account. --- Democracy and economic growth. --- Derivative (finance). --- Developed country. --- Development economics. --- Economic equilibrium. --- Economic growth. --- Economic history. --- Economic indicator. --- Economic interventionism. --- Economic liberalization. --- Economic nationalism. --- Economic planning. --- Economic policy. --- Economic power. --- Economic recovery. --- Economic sociology. --- Economic surplus. --- Economics. --- Economy. --- Effectiveness. --- Endogeneity (econometrics). --- Entrepreneurship. --- Evolutionary economics. --- Exchange rate. --- Factor endowment. --- Financial inclusion. --- Financial transaction. --- Fiscal capacity. --- GDP deflator. --- Globalization. --- Historical institutionalism. --- Household. --- Human capital. --- Incentive. --- Inclusive growth. --- Income tax. --- Income. --- Innovation. --- Institution. --- Institutional theory. --- Interest rate parity. --- Interest rate. --- International development. --- International trade. --- Investment fund. --- Investment. --- Investor. --- Journal of Political Economy. --- Knowledge economy. --- Labour economics. --- Market economy. --- Market integration. --- Market liquidity. --- Market power. --- Marketplace of ideas. --- Meritocracy. --- Neoclassical economics. --- Neoliberalism. --- Net Investment Income. --- New institutional economics. --- Output (economics). --- Probability theory. --- Production–possibility frontier. --- Public policy. --- Rate of return. --- Saving. --- Social capital. --- Social evolution. --- Social mobility. --- Social science. --- Socioeconomic development. --- State (polity). --- Supply (economics). --- Theoretical Value. --- Welfare economics. --- World Bank Group. --- World Bank. --- World Trade Organization. --- World Values Survey. --- Destabilization (Political science) --- Political instability --- Stability, Political --- Consensus (Social sciences) --- Legitimacy of governments --- Economics --- Development, Economic --- Economic growth --- Growth, Economic --- Economic policy --- Statics and dynamics (Social sciences) --- Development economics --- Resource curse --- Political stability. --- Economic development --- Institutional economics

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A powerful new understanding of global currency trends, including the rise of the Chinese yuanAt first glance, the modern history of the global economic system seems to support the long-held view that the leading world power's currency-the British pound, the U.S. dollar, and perhaps someday the Chinese yuan-invariably dominates international trade and finance. In How Global Currencies Work, three noted economists provide a reassessment of this history and the theories behind the conventional wisdom.Offering a new history of global finance over the past two centuries, and marshaling extensive new data to test established theories of how global currencies work, Barry Eichengreen, Arnaud Mehl, and Livia Chiţu argue for a new view, in which several national monies can share international currency status, and their importance can change rapidly. They demonstrate how changes in technology and in the structure of international trade and finance have reshaped the landscape of international currencies so that several international financial standards can coexist. They show that multiple international and reserve currencies have in fact coexisted in the pastupending the traditional view of the British pound's dominance prior to 1945 and the U.S. dollar's dominance more recently.Looking forward, the book tackles the implications of this new framework for major questions facing the future of the international monetary system, from whether the euro and the Chinese yuan might address their respective challenges and perhaps rival the dollar, to how increased currency competition might affect global financial stability.

Valute. --- Money. --- International finance. --- Account (accountancy). --- Annual report. --- Asset. --- Balance sheet. --- Bank for International Settlements. --- Bank of England. --- Bank of Japan. --- Bank rate. --- Bank. --- Barry Eichengreen. --- Bond (finance). --- Bretton Woods system. --- Canadian dollar. --- Capital control. --- Capital market. --- Central bank. --- Commodity. --- Credibility. --- Credit (finance). --- Credit risk. --- Currency Internationalization. --- Currency competition. --- Currency swap. --- Currency. --- Current account. --- Customer. --- Debt. --- Deflation. --- Determinant. --- Deutsche Mark. --- Devaluation. --- Discounts and allowances. --- Economics. --- Economist. --- Economy. --- Endogeneity (econometrics). --- Estimation. --- European Central Bank. --- Exchange rate. --- Export. --- Federal Reserve Bank. --- Fiat money. --- Finance. --- Financial crisis. --- Financial deepening. --- Financial institution. --- Financial transaction. --- Foreign Exchange Reserves. --- Foreign direct investment. --- Foreign exchange market. --- French franc. --- Gold reserve. --- Gold standard. --- Government debt. --- Gross world product. --- Import. --- Inflation. --- Institution. --- Interest rate. --- International Monetary Fund. --- International monetary systems. --- International trade. --- Internationalization. --- Investment. --- Investor. --- Invoice. --- Issuer. --- Liberalization. --- Local currency. --- Market capitalization. --- Market liquidity. --- Market participant. --- Monetary policy. --- Money market. --- Natural monopoly. --- Network effect. --- Payment. --- Pound sterling. --- Receipt. --- Renminbi. --- Reserve currency. --- Securitization. --- Security (finance). --- Sterling area. --- Store of value. --- Supply (economics). --- Swiss franc. --- Tax. --- Trade credit. --- Treasury Bill. --- U.S. Bancorp. --- Underwriting. --- Unit of account. --- United States dollar. --- Valuation effects. --- World War II. --- World currency. --- World economy.

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Critics of globalization claim that economic integration drains political authority from states: devolving authority to newly empowered regions, delegating it to supranational organizations, and transferring it to multinational firms and nongovernmental organizations. Globalization is also attacked for forcing convergence of state institutions and policies and threatening the ability of societies to chart their own democratically determined courses. In Governance in a Global Economy, Miles Kahler and David Lake assemble the contributions of seventeen leading scholars who have systematically investigated how global economic integration produces changes of governance. These authors conclude that globalization has created a new and intricate fabric of governance, but one that fails to match the stark portrait of beleaguered states. Exploring changes in governance across several policy areas (such as tourism, trade, finance, and fiscal and monetary policy), the authors demonstrate that globalization changes the policy preferences of some actors, increases the bargaining power of others, and opens new institutional options for yet others. By reintroducing agency and choice into our understanding of globalization, this book provides important new insights into the complex and contingent effects of globalization on political authority and governance. The introduction and the conclusion are by the editors the contributors are James A. Caporaso, Benjamin J. Cohen, Barry Eichengreen, Zachary Elkins, Geoffrey Garrett, Peter Gourevitch, Virginia Haufler, Michael J. Hiscox, Robert O. Keohane, Lisa L. Martin, Walter Mattli, Kathleen R. McNamara, Joseph S. Nye, Jr., Jonathan Rodden, Ronald Rogowski, Beth A. Simmons, and Peter Van Houten.

International economic relations --- Economic policy and planning (general) --- Corporate governance --- International business enterprises --- -International business enterprises --- -Globalization --- -Business enterprises, International --- Corporations, International --- Global corporations --- International corporations --- MNEs (International business enterprises) --- Multinational corporations --- Multinational enterprises --- Transnational corporations --- Business enterprises --- Corporations --- Joint ventures --- Governance, Corporate --- Industrial management --- Directors of corporations --- Global cities --- Globalisation --- Internationalization --- International relations --- Anti-globalization movement --- Management --- Government policy --- Political aspects --- #A0402PSA --- -Management --- -Governance, Corporate --- Business enterprises, International --- POLITICAL SCIENCE / International Relations / General --- Globalization --- Corporate governance. --- Internationale ondernemingen. --- Politieke aspecten. --- Internationalisatie. --- Weltwirtschaft --- Governance --- Politik --- Globalisierung --- Global Governance --- 83.83 large-scale enterprise. --- Mondialisation --- Entreprises multinationales --- Gouvernement d'entreprise. --- Political aspects. --- Government policy. --- Management. --- Aspect politique. --- Politique gouvernementale. --- Gestion. --- -Global cities --- Internationale Politik --- Weltgesellschaft --- Internationalisierung --- Staatspolitik --- Politische Lage --- Politische Entwicklung --- Politische Situation --- Politische Steuerung --- Internationale Wirtschaft --- Internationale Wirtschaftsbeziehungen --- Internationale Wirtschaftspolitik --- Accountability. --- Bank for International Settlements. --- Business economics. --- Capital control. --- Capital cost. --- Capital gain. --- Capital market. --- Capitalism. --- Central bank. --- Competition (economics). --- Consumer organization. --- Consumption (economics). --- Corporate capitalism. --- Corporate social responsibility. --- Currency. --- Decentralization. --- Developed country. --- Economic Life. --- Economic cost. --- Economic development. --- Economic geography. --- Economic globalization. --- Economic history. --- Economic integration. --- Economic interventionism. --- Economic liberalization. --- Economic model. --- Economic planning. --- Economic policy. --- Economic problem. --- Economics. --- Economy and Society. --- Economy. --- Environmental economics. --- Euromarket. --- Externality. --- Financial World. --- Financial capital. --- Financial market participants. --- Fiscal policy. --- Foreign direct investment. --- Free trade debate. --- Global Exchange. --- Global Finance (magazine). --- Global Policy. --- Global financial system. --- Global governance. --- Global production network. --- Global warming. --- Globalism. --- Globalization. --- Governance. --- Hedge fund. --- Index Of Economic Freedom. --- Industrialisation. --- Industry self-regulation. --- Institute of International Finance. --- Institution. --- Institutional economics. --- International Financial Reporting Standards. --- International Monetary Fund. --- International financial institutions. --- International monetary systems. --- International organization. --- International political economy. --- International relations. --- International trade. --- Internationalism (politics). --- Journal of Economic Perspectives. --- Liberalization. --- Long-Term Capital Management. --- Macroeconomics. --- Market economy. --- Market integration. --- Market portfolio. --- Monetary policy. --- Money market. --- Neoclassical Growth Theory. --- New International Economic Order. --- OECD Development Centre. --- Political economy. --- Political entrepreneur. --- Prospectus (finance). --- Public finance. --- Regulatory competition. --- Shareholder. --- Tourism. --- Trade and development. --- Transition economy. --- Transnational governance. --- United Nations Environment Programme. --- Working Group on Financial Markets. --- World Bank. --- World Business Council for Sustainable Development. --- World Development Indicators. --- World Politics. --- World Trade Organization. --- World Wide Web Consortium. --- World economy.