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Disorders of the central and peripheral nerve systems have severe effects on gut function. Hence, people who have sustained spinal cord injury and multiple sclerosis, Parkinson’s disease, or spina bifida patients may suffer from severe bowel symptoms, including constipation, incontinence to stools, difficult bowel evacuation, or pain. For the present book, a number of international experts have described how disorders of the nerve system affect bowel function, how to assess and treat bowel symptoms, and how the bacterial composition of the bowel may be affected.

Medicine --- Neurology & clinical neurophysiology --- laxatives --- constipation --- adults --- prevalence --- utilisation --- gut microbiota --- spina bifida --- transanal irrigation --- urinary tract infection --- SCI --- MENTOR --- NBD --- fecal incontinence --- Parkinson’s disease --- autonomic --- gastrointestinal --- alpha-synuclein --- parasympathetic --- neurogenic bowel dysfunction --- low anterior resection syndrome --- faecal incontinence --- chronic constipation --- bowel dysfunction --- quality of life --- spinal cord injury --- multiple sclerosis --- pharmacological --- systematic review --- neurogenic bowel --- treatment assessment --- bowel function --- exoskeletal walking --- difficulty with evacuation --- neostigmine --- glycopyrrolate --- iontophoresis --- autonomic dysfunction --- motility --- investigations --- manometry --- breath test --- imaging --- diabetes mellitus --- postprandial hypotension --- food ingestion --- ambulatory blood pressure measurement --- cohort study --- pediatric --- children --- adolescent --- anorectal malformation --- cerebral palsy --- acute rehabilitation --- opioids --- SCI bowel management

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As computer and space technologies have been developed, geoscience information systems (GIS) and remote sensing (RS) technologies, which deal with the geospatial information, have been rapidly maturing. Moreover, over the last few decades, machine learning techniques including artificial neural network (ANN), deep learning, decision tree, and support vector machine (SVM) have been successfully applied to geospatial science and engineering research fields. The machine learning techniques have been widely applied to GIS and RS research fields and have recently produced valuable results in the areas of geoscience, environment, natural hazards, and natural resources. This book is a collection representing novel contributions detailing machine learning techniques as applied to geoscience information systems and remote sensing.

n/a --- sport games --- compensatory eating --- breath test --- exercise-induced anorexia --- Fitbit --- nutrition education --- senescence --- body weight --- sport nutrition --- fitness --- long-term follow-up --- self-efficacy --- protein --- food consumption --- cytokines --- physical exercise --- cardiometabolic health --- mediation analyses --- obesity --- food choice --- telomere length --- sporting events --- carbohydrates --- free radicals --- marathon --- adolescents --- movement skills --- naturally enriched 13C-milk proteins --- behavioral intervention --- acute exercise --- skeletal muscle damage --- Protein --- TERRA --- nutrition --- telemonitoring --- Latino --- adolescent --- macronutrients --- metabolism --- mechanisms of impact --- anabolic competence --- endurance exercise --- food healthiness --- exercise --- health promotion --- behavioral economics --- immunity --- stunting --- lifestyle intervention --- running --- telomerase --- dietary intake --- inflammation --- vegetarian --- recreational athlete --- physical performance --- out-of-home eating --- diet --- overweight --- dietary restriction --- soccer --- dual burden of malnutrition --- protein shake --- childhood memories --- chronic diseases --- music events --- oxidation --- added sugar --- lifestyle change --- vegan --- nudges --- food --- physical activity --- half-marathon --- health conscious --- free or reduced lunch --- low-income --- diet quality --- National School Lunch Program --- older adults --- aging --- sport spectators --- chronic low-grade systemic inflammation --- sport --- food intake

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The prevalence of obesity and its comorbidities, particularly type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular and hepatic disease and certain cancers, continues to rise worldwide. Paradoxically, despite an increasingly obesogenic environment, particularly in Western societies, undernutrition is also extremely common. The application of novel, sophisticated techniques, particularly related to imaging and molecular biology, has substantially advanced our understanding of the mechanisms controlling appetite and energy intake. This has led to a redefinition of many concepts, including the relative importance of central versus peripheral mechanisms, recognising that the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, particularly gut hormones, plays a critical role. Given the major advance in knowledge in the field, this Special Issue provides a comprehensive overview of the GI mechanisms underlying the regulation of appetite and energy intake, as a series of definitive reviews by international authorities. The reviews address gut-related mechanisms, including nutrient sensing, gut hormones and GI motility, gut-brain communication, including the roles of the vagus and the modulation of reward perception, the roles of diet and the microbiota, as well as the abnormalities associated with eating disorders, specifically obesity and anorexia of ageing, and the beneficial effects of bariatric surgery. The reviews cover both preclinical research and studies in humans, and are complemented by a number of important original papers.

Medicine --- lixisenatide --- intragastric meal retention --- energy intake --- type 2 diabetes --- obesity --- amino acid --- isoleucine --- chronic supplementation --- energy expenditure --- oral glucose tolerance test --- glycaemic control --- gastric emptying breath test --- endocannabinoid --- cannabinoid CB1 receptor --- gut–brain --- intestine --- western diet --- preference --- whey protein --- gastric emptying --- appetite --- lifecourse --- gut hormones --- hunger --- protein --- TAS2R5 --- TAS2R39 --- TAS2R14 --- agonist --- food intake --- GLP1 --- CCK --- PYY --- miniature pig --- pig model --- functional brain imaging --- molecular imaging --- vagal afferents --- single fiber recording --- insulin resistance --- GLP-1r --- gastric barostat --- scintigraphy --- meal ingestion --- postprandial responses --- hedonic sensations --- homeostatic sensations --- abdominal wall activity --- abdominal distension --- taste --- fat --- carbohydrate --- bariatric surgery --- GLP-1 --- ghrelin --- Roux-en-Y gastric bypass --- gastric band --- sleeve gastrectomy --- circadian --- gastrointestinal tract --- enteroendocrine cells --- chemosensory --- GIP --- nutrients --- hormones --- food ingestion --- digestion --- satiety --- digestive well-being --- functional gastrointestinal disorders --- postprandial symptoms --- brainstem --- vagus --- feeding --- gastrointestinal --- cue reactivity --- meal anticipation --- motivation --- nutrient preference --- flavor --- aversion --- bile acids --- TGR-5 --- FXR --- gastrointestinal hormones --- body weight --- gastric accommodation --- satiation --- CB1 receptor --- gut-brain --- reward --- aging --- whey --- anorexia --- supplements --- sarcopenia --- nutrient sensing --- enteroendocrine cells (EECs) --- appetite regulation --- G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) --- bitter substances --- gastric motor function --- postprandial blood glucose --- preclinical studies --- human studies --- texture --- oro-sensory exposure --- sensory science --- cephalic responses --- brain areas --- brain stem --- weight management --- intestinal brake --- duodenal jejunal and ileal brake --- tastants --- circadian clock --- gastric bypass surgery --- microbiome --- hypothalamus --- n/a

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The prevalence of obesity and its comorbidities, particularly type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular and hepatic disease and certain cancers, continues to rise worldwide. Paradoxically, despite an increasingly obesogenic environment, particularly in Western societies, undernutrition is also extremely common. The application of novel, sophisticated techniques, particularly related to imaging and molecular biology, has substantially advanced our understanding of the mechanisms controlling appetite and energy intake. This has led to a redefinition of many concepts, including the relative importance of central versus peripheral mechanisms, recognising that the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, particularly gut hormones, plays a critical role. Given the major advance in knowledge in the field, this Special Issue provides a comprehensive overview of the GI mechanisms underlying the regulation of appetite and energy intake, as a series of definitive reviews by international authorities. The reviews address gut-related mechanisms, including nutrient sensing, gut hormones and GI motility, gut-brain communication, including the roles of the vagus and the modulation of reward perception, the roles of diet and the microbiota, as well as the abnormalities associated with eating disorders, specifically obesity and anorexia of ageing, and the beneficial effects of bariatric surgery. The reviews cover both preclinical research and studies in humans, and are complemented by a number of important original papers.

lixisenatide --- intragastric meal retention --- energy intake --- type 2 diabetes --- obesity --- amino acid --- isoleucine --- chronic supplementation --- energy expenditure --- oral glucose tolerance test --- glycaemic control --- gastric emptying breath test --- endocannabinoid --- cannabinoid CB1 receptor --- gut–brain --- intestine --- western diet --- preference --- whey protein --- gastric emptying --- appetite --- lifecourse --- gut hormones --- hunger --- protein --- TAS2R5 --- TAS2R39 --- TAS2R14 --- agonist --- food intake --- GLP1 --- CCK --- PYY --- miniature pig --- pig model --- functional brain imaging --- molecular imaging --- vagal afferents --- single fiber recording --- insulin resistance --- GLP-1r --- gastric barostat --- scintigraphy --- meal ingestion --- postprandial responses --- hedonic sensations --- homeostatic sensations --- abdominal wall activity --- abdominal distension --- taste --- fat --- carbohydrate --- bariatric surgery --- GLP-1 --- ghrelin --- Roux-en-Y gastric bypass --- gastric band --- sleeve gastrectomy --- circadian --- gastrointestinal tract --- enteroendocrine cells --- chemosensory --- GIP --- nutrients --- hormones --- food ingestion --- digestion --- satiety --- digestive well-being --- functional gastrointestinal disorders --- postprandial symptoms --- brainstem --- vagus --- feeding --- gastrointestinal --- cue reactivity --- meal anticipation --- motivation --- nutrient preference --- flavor --- aversion --- bile acids --- TGR-5 --- FXR --- gastrointestinal hormones --- body weight --- gastric accommodation --- satiation --- CB1 receptor --- gut-brain --- reward --- aging --- whey --- anorexia --- supplements --- sarcopenia --- nutrient sensing --- enteroendocrine cells (EECs) --- appetite regulation --- G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) --- bitter substances --- gastric motor function --- postprandial blood glucose --- preclinical studies --- human studies --- texture --- oro-sensory exposure --- sensory science --- cephalic responses --- brain areas --- brain stem --- weight management --- intestinal brake --- duodenal jejunal and ileal brake --- tastants --- circadian clock --- gastric bypass surgery --- microbiome --- hypothalamus --- n/a