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Every society throughout history has defined what counts as work and what doesn't. And more often than not, those lines of demarcation are inextricable from considerations of gender. What Is Work? offers a multi-disciplinary approach to understanding labor within the highly gendered realm of household economies. Drawing from scholarship on gender history, economic sociology, family history, civil law, and feminist economics, these essays explore the changing and often contested boundaries between what was and is considered work in different Euro-American contexts over several centuries, with an eye to the ambiguities and biases that have shaped mainstream conceptions of work across all social sectors.
Sexual division of labor --- Housekeeping --- Sex role --- Gender role --- Sex (Psychology) --- Sex differences (Psychology) --- Social role --- Gender expression --- Sexism --- Household work --- Housework --- Home economics --- Division of labor by sex --- Division of labor --- Sex discrimination in employment --- History --- Social aspects --- Sociology of the family. Sociology of sexuality --- World history --- anno 1500-1799 --- anno 1800-1999 --- anno 2000-2099 --- Europe --- E-books --- Gender roles --- Gendered role --- Gendered roles --- Role, Gender --- Role, Gendered --- Role, Sex --- Roles, Gender --- Roles, Gendered --- Roles, Sex --- Sex roles --- Sex role. --- History. --- Social aspects. --- academic. --- american society. --- breadwinner. --- career. --- civil law. --- culture. --- domestic workers. --- economic sociology. --- engaging. --- essay collection. --- essyas. --- family history. --- family. --- feminist economics. --- gender history. --- gender issues. --- gender studies. --- gender. --- household economies. --- labor industrial relations. --- masculinity. --- material culture. --- political science. --- politics. --- social history. --- social issues. --- social sectors. --- sociology. --- understanding labor. --- women. --- womens issues. --- work and labor issues.
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Why is Europe's employment rate almost 10 percent lower than that of the United States? This "jobs gap" has typically been blamed on the rigidity of European labor markets. But in Services and Employment, an international group of leading labor economists suggests quite a different explanation. Drawing on the findings of a two-year research project that examined data from France, Germany, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, and the United States, these economists argue that Europe's 25 million "missing" jobs can be attributed almost entirely to its relative lack of service jobs. The jobs gap is actually a services gap. But, Services and Employment asks, why does the United States consume services at such a greater rate than Europe? Services and Employment is the first systematic and comprehensive international comparison on the subject. Mary Gregory, Wiemer Salverda, Ronald Schettkat, and their fellow contributors consider the possible role played by differences in how certain services--particularly health care and education--are provided in Europe and the United States. They examine arguments that Americans consume more services because of their higher incomes and that American households outsource more domestic work. The contributors also ask whether differences between U.S. and European service sectors encapsulate fundamental trans-Atlantic differences in lifestyle choices. In addition to the editors, the contributors include Victor Fuchs, William Baumol, Giovanni Russo, Adriaan Kalwij, Stephen Machin, Andrew Glyn, Joachin Möller, John Schmitt, Michel Sollogoub, Robert Gordon, and Richard Freeman.
Lavoro --- Aziende di servizi --- Domanda e offerta --- Europa. --- Stati Uniti d'America. --- American exceptionalism. --- American way of leisure. --- Barnard and Jones. --- Baumöl. --- Clark and Fisher. --- European social model. --- Gardes and Starzec. --- Kramarz. --- Leontief inverse matrix. --- Oaxaca. --- Pasinetti. --- Powell. --- adult-equivalent expenditures. --- affirmative action. --- big box. --- brain drain. --- capital accumulation. --- capital intensification. --- collective labor agreement. --- comparative advantage. --- consumer surplus. --- cost trajectory. --- deindustrialization. --- demand mix. --- deregulated markets. --- deregulation. --- durable goods. --- economic dynamism. --- economies of scale. --- educational attainments. --- expenditure patterns. --- final consumption. --- flexible labor markets. --- goods share. --- growth of productivity. --- hours worked. --- household saving. --- immigrants. --- income effect. --- inequality. --- institutional arrangements. --- investment banking. --- job creation. --- labor input. --- male breadwinner. --- manufacturers. --- marketization. --- monetary union. --- national prices. --- offshoring. --- primary industries. --- public provision. --- real expenditures.
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A moving, cross-national account of working mothers' daily lives-and the revolution in public policy and culture needed to improve themThe work-family conflict that mothers experience today is a national crisis. Women struggle to balance breadwinning with the bulk of parenting, and stress is constant. Social policies don't help. Of all Western industrialized countries, the United States ranks dead last for supportive work-family policies: No federal paid parental leave. The highest gender wage gap. No minimum standard for vacation and sick days. The highest maternal and child poverty rates. Can American women look to European policies for solutions? Making Motherhood Work draws on interviews that sociologist Caitlyn Collins conducted over five years with 135 middle-class working mothers in Sweden, Germany, Italy, and the United States. She explores how women navigate work and family given the different policy supports available in each country.Taking readers into women's homes, neighborhoods, and workplaces, Collins shows that mothers' desires and expectations depend heavily on context. In Sweden-renowned for its gender-equal policies-mothers assume they will receive support from their partners, employers, and the government. In the former East Germany, with its history of mandated employment, mothers don't feel conflicted about working, but some curtail their work hours and ambitions. Mothers in western Germany and Italy, where maternalist values are strong, are stigmatized for pursuing careers. Meanwhile, American working mothers stand apart for their guilt and worry. Policies alone, Collins discovers, cannot solve women's struggles. Easing them will require a deeper understanding of cultural beliefs about gender equality, employment, and motherhood. With women held to unrealistic standards in all four countries, the best solutions demand that we redefine motherhood, work, and family.Making Motherhood Work vividly demonstrates that women need not accept their work-family conflict as inevitable.
Working mothers. --- Work and family. --- Working mothers --- USA --- Americans. --- Au pair. --- Breadwinner model. --- Breast milk. --- Career ladder. --- Career. --- Caregiver. --- Child care. --- Childbirth. --- Cultural lag. --- Day care. --- Diaper. --- Disadvantage. --- Division of labour. --- Domestic worker. --- Early childhood education. --- Elterngeld. --- Employment discrimination. --- Employment. --- Ethnography. --- Everyday life. --- Family Lives. --- Family support. --- Family-friendly. --- Feminism. --- Feminist movement. --- Fertility. --- Finding. --- Gender equality. --- Gender inequality. --- Gender pay gap. --- Gender role. --- Germans. --- Grandparent. --- Health insurance. --- Homemaking. --- Household. --- Housewife. --- Ideology. --- Income. --- Interview. --- Italian welfare state. --- Italians. --- Job security. --- Kindergarten. --- Labour law. --- Laundry. --- Legislation. --- Lifeworld. --- Meal. --- Middle class. --- Mommy track. --- Month. --- Mother. --- Norm (social). --- Nursing. --- Of Education. --- Oppression. --- Outsourcing. --- Overtime. --- Parental leave. --- Parenting. --- Part-time contract. --- Pension. --- Poverty. --- Preschool. --- Private sector. --- Provision (contracting). --- Refugee. --- Resentment. --- Respondent. --- Salary. --- Sexism. --- Sibling. --- Sick leave. --- Single parent. --- Social class. --- Social exclusion. --- Social inequality. --- Social policy. --- Social safety net. --- Sociology. --- Spouse. --- Subsidy. --- Supervisor. --- Swedes. --- Tax. --- Temporary work. --- The Other Hand. --- Toddler. --- Unemployment. --- Welfare state. --- Welfare. --- West Germany. --- Woman. --- Workforce. --- Working Mother. --- Working time. --- Workplace. --- Year. --- Sociology of the family. Sociology of sexuality --- Sociology of work --- Social policy
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