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Predictive coding (PC) is a neurocognitive concept, according to which the brain does not process the whole qualia of external information, but only residual mismatches occurring between incoming information and an individual, inner model of the world. At the time of issue initiation, I expected an essential focus on mismatch signals in the brain, especially those captured by neurophysiologic oscillations. This was because one most plausible approach to the PC concept is to identify and validate mismatch signals in the brain. Announcing the topic revealed a much deeper consideration of intelligible minds of researchers. It turned out that what was of fundamental interest was which brain mechanisms support the formation, maintenance and consolidation of the inner model determining PC. Is PC a dynamic construct continuously modulated by external environmental or internal mental information? The reader will be delighted to get acquainted with the current views and understanding of eminent scholars in the field. It will be challenging to discover the realm of sleep where both physiological, energy preserving and mental qualia principles build on the inner models to shape and transform the self. And where neurophysiologic oscillations may both transmit external information and translate inner models from state to state to preserve the self-continuity and compactness.

Decision Making --- Evolution and self --- brain oscillations --- predictive coding --- Psychoanalysis --- Psychopathology --- Sleep and dreaming --- REM sleep --- cognition and perception

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This volume highlights new avenues of research in the language sciences, and particularly, in the neurobiology of language. The term “language-ready brain” stresses, on the one hand, the importance of a brain-based description of our species’ linguistic capacity, and, on the other, the need to appreciate the crucial role culture plays in shaping the linguistic systems children acquire and adults use. For this reason, the focus is not put on language per se, but on our learning biases and cognitive pre-dispositions toward language. Both brain and culture are considered at two crucial levels of inquiry: phylogeny and ontogeny. In a fast-growing field like the language sciences and specifically, language evolution studies, this book has tried to capture several of the most exciting topics explored currently, sowing seeds for future investigations.

globularization --- phonology --- brain oscillations --- Brain asymmetry --- language development --- merge --- Speech --- Language production --- language-readiness --- temporal attention --- Retinoic acid --- Communication

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Predictive coding (PC) is a neurocognitive concept, according to which the brain does not process the whole qualia of external information, but only residual mismatches occurring between incoming information and an individual, inner model of the world. At the time of issue initiation, I expected an essential focus on mismatch signals in the brain, especially those captured by neurophysiologic oscillations. This was because one most plausible approach to the PC concept is to identify and validate mismatch signals in the brain. Announcing the topic revealed a much deeper consideration of intelligible minds of researchers. It turned out that what was of fundamental interest was which brain mechanisms support the formation, maintenance and consolidation of the inner model determining PC. Is PC a dynamic construct continuously modulated by external environmental or internal mental information? The reader will be delighted to get acquainted with the current views and understanding of eminent scholars in the field. It will be challenging to discover the realm of sleep where both physiological, energy preserving and mental qualia principles build on the inner models to shape and transform the self. And where neurophysiologic oscillations may both transmit external information and translate inner models from state to state to preserve the self-continuity and compactness.

Decision Making --- Evolution and self --- brain oscillations --- predictive coding --- Psychoanalysis --- Psychopathology --- Sleep and dreaming --- REM sleep --- cognition and perception

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Neurocomparative music and language research has seen major advances over the past two decades. The goal of this Special Issue on “Advances in the Neurocognition of Music and Language” was to showcase the multiple neural analogies between musical and linguistic information processing, their entwined organization in human perception and cognition, and to infer the applicability of the combined knowledge in pedagogy and therapy. Here, we summarize the main insights provided by the contributions and integrate them into current frameworks of rhythm processing, neuronal entrainment, predictive coding, and cognitive control.

statistical learning --- implicit learning --- domain generality --- information theory --- entropy --- uncertainty --- order --- n-gram --- Markov model --- word segmentation --- phonetic language aptitude --- intrinsic singing --- singing ability --- musical aptitude --- working memory --- implicit prosody --- rhythm sensitivity --- event related potentials --- reading achievement --- sensorimotor learning --- sequence production --- sequence planning --- feedback monitoring --- EEG --- N1 --- FRN --- music performance --- music cognition --- altered auditory feedback --- language disorder --- rhythm --- prosody --- preconceptual meaning --- affective vocalizations --- action-oriented embodied approach --- affect burst --- speech prosody --- musical expressiveness --- speech envelope --- neural entrainment --- Music training --- longitudinal study --- children with dyslexia --- Mismatch Negativity (MMN) --- syllables --- beat deafness --- music --- speech --- entrainment --- sensorimotor synchronization --- beat-finding impairment --- brain oscillations --- Prosody --- Phrasing --- Perception --- Melody --- reading --- meter --- lexical stress --- event-related potentials --- poetry --- melody perception --- tonal language --- inferior frontal gyrus --- priming effect --- language --- syntax --- attention --- comprehension --- electroencephalography --- semantics --- speech comprehension --- singing --- N400 --- event-related brain potentials (ERPs) --- functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) --- infant --- song --- ERP --- familiarity --- recognition --- polarity --- developmental dyslexia --- Iambic/Trochaic Law --- rhythmic grouping --- musicality --- speech perception --- rhythm perception

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This book includes articles written by over 80 specialists from many countries that demonstrate the biological functions of ultrasonic vocalizations and how they are used in studies of vocal expression of emotional states and in numerous animal models of neuropsychiatric diseases and disorders. Results of investigations of emissions of ultrasonic vocalizations are useful in studies of emotional disturbances, affective disorders, autism spectrum disorders, addiction, developmental abnormalities, and many other pathologies.

Medicine --- Neurosciences --- ultrasonic vocalization --- maternal immune activation --- autism --- communication --- rat --- sex differences --- social play --- rats --- anxiety --- observational fear learning --- USV --- maternal separation --- pup --- vasopressin antagonists --- righting reflex --- negative geotaxis --- ACTH --- corticosterone --- Brattleboro rat --- larynx --- female --- male --- 50-khz ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) --- individual differences --- chronic variable stress (CVS) --- dopamine --- nucleus accumbens --- microdialysis --- evolution of vocalization --- 22 kHz calls --- 50 kHz calls --- infant isolation calls --- emotional arousal --- mesolimbic dopaminergic system --- mesolimbic cholinergic system --- hedonia --- ultrasonic vocalizations --- cognitive development --- respiration --- brain oscillations --- Cav1.2 --- calcium --- animal model --- rough-and-tumble play --- social approach --- playback --- social contact call --- alarm call --- social buffering --- distress --- emotional contagion --- fear contagion --- aversive state --- automated scoring --- addiction --- mental health --- machine learning --- drug discovery --- drug development --- Parkinson's disease --- alpha-synuclein --- 6-OHDA --- Pink1 --- DJ1 --- exercise --- pharmacology --- pathology --- hypervigilance --- hyperreactivity --- exaggerated reactivity --- generalization --- PTSD --- depression --- heart rate --- Wistar --- 22-kHz calls --- 50-kHz calls --- affect --- aversion --- NOR --- reward --- working memory --- Y maze --- opioids --- fentanyl --- self-administration --- play --- food --- dam-pup interaction --- ethanol --- pup isolation --- rat pup --- 50 kHz vocalizations --- 22 kHz vocalizations --- amphetamine --- chemogenetics --- clozapine-n-oxide --- UMAP --- males --- females --- vocalizations --- fear extinction --- pain --- ultrasonic vocalization --- maternal immune activation --- autism --- communication --- rat --- sex differences --- social play --- rats --- anxiety --- observational fear learning --- USV --- maternal separation --- pup --- vasopressin antagonists --- righting reflex --- negative geotaxis --- ACTH --- corticosterone --- Brattleboro rat --- larynx --- female --- male --- 50-khz ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) --- individual differences --- chronic variable stress (CVS) --- dopamine --- nucleus accumbens --- microdialysis --- evolution of vocalization --- 22 kHz calls --- 50 kHz calls --- infant isolation calls --- emotional arousal --- mesolimbic dopaminergic system --- mesolimbic cholinergic system --- hedonia --- ultrasonic vocalizations --- cognitive development --- respiration --- brain oscillations --- Cav1.2 --- calcium --- animal model --- rough-and-tumble play --- social approach --- playback --- social contact call --- alarm call --- social buffering --- distress --- emotional contagion --- fear contagion --- aversive state --- automated scoring --- addiction --- mental health --- machine learning --- drug discovery --- drug development --- Parkinson's disease --- alpha-synuclein --- 6-OHDA --- Pink1 --- DJ1 --- exercise --- pharmacology --- pathology --- hypervigilance --- hyperreactivity --- exaggerated reactivity --- generalization --- PTSD --- depression --- heart rate --- Wistar --- 22-kHz calls --- 50-kHz calls --- affect --- aversion --- NOR --- reward --- working memory --- Y maze --- opioids --- fentanyl --- self-administration --- play --- food --- dam-pup interaction --- ethanol --- pup isolation --- rat pup --- 50 kHz vocalizations --- 22 kHz vocalizations --- amphetamine --- chemogenetics --- clozapine-n-oxide --- UMAP --- males --- females --- vocalizations --- fear extinction --- pain