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Starting in 1943, millions of children were separated into boys' and girls' schools in cities across the Soviet Union. The government sought to reinforce gender roles in a wartime context and to strengthen discipline and order by separating boys and girls into different classrooms. The program was a failure. Discipline further deteriorated in boys' schools, and despite intentions to keep the education equal, girls' schools experienced increased perceptions of academic inferiority, particularly in the subjects of math and science. The restoration of coeducation in 1954 demonstrated the power of public opinion, even in a dictatorship, to influence school policies. In the first full-length study of the program, Ewing examines this large-scale experiment across the full cycle of deliberating, advocating, implementing, experiencing, criticizing, and finally repudiating separate schools. Looking at the encounters of pupils in classrooms, policy objectives of communist leaders, and growing opposition to separate schools among teachers and parents, Ewing provides new insights into the last decade of Stalin's dictatorship. A comparative analysis of the Soviet case with recent efforts in the United States and elsewhere raises important questions. Based on extensive research that includes the archives of Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan, Separate Schools will appeal to historians of Russia, those interested in comparative education and educational history, and specialists in gender studies.

Education and state --- Sex differences in education --- Single-sex schools --- History. --- Soviet Union separate education 1943, Soviet Union boys’ and girls’ schools, Soviet Union coeducation 1954, popular opinion during dictatorship, last decade of Stalin's dictatorship.

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Enemy Lines captures the extraordinary story of boys and girls coming of age during a civil war. Margaret Trawick lived and worked in Batticaloa in eastern Sri Lanka, where thousands of youths have been recruited into the Sri Lankan armed resistance movement known as the Tamil Tigers. This compelling account of her experiences is a powerful exploration of how children respond to the presence of war and how adults have responded to the presence of children in this conflict. Her beautifully written account, which includes voices of the teenagers and young adults who have joined the Tamil Tigers, brings alive a region where childhood, warfare, and play have become commingled in a world of continuous uncertainty.

Children and violence --- Children and war --- Children --- Tamil (Indic people) --- Tamal (Indic people) --- Tamalsan (Indic people) --- Tambul (Indic people) --- Tamili (Indic people) --- Tamils --- Ethnology --- Childhood --- Kids (Children) --- Pedology (Child study) --- Youngsters --- Age groups --- Families --- Life cycle, Human --- War and children --- War --- Violence and children --- Violence --- Violence in children --- Social conditions. --- Wars --- Tamil̲īl̲a Viṭutalaippulikaḷ (Association) --- Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (Association) --- Tamil̲il̲a Viṭutalaip Pulikaḷ (Association) --- LTTE --- Tamil Tigers (Association) --- El. Ṭī. Ṭī. Ī. --- Batticaloa District (Sri Lanka) --- Batticaloa, Sri Lanka (District) --- Batticaloa (Sri Lanka : District) --- Maṭṭakkaḷappu Māvaṭṭam (Sri Lanka) --- Tami{grave}{inodot} i {grave}{inodot} a Vit ℗Đutalaippulikal ℗Đ (Association) --- anthropologists. --- anthropology. --- armed resistance movement. --- batticaloa. --- boys and girls. --- childhood play. --- childhood. --- children of war. --- children. --- childrens studies. --- civil war. --- coming of age. --- conflict stories. --- cultural conflict. --- historians. --- history of violence. --- india. --- military studies. --- nonfiction. --- personal account. --- politics. --- regional conflict. --- societal violence. --- sociologists. --- sociology. --- sri lanka. --- tamil tigers. --- teenagers. --- war history. --- war. --- warfare.