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Fréchet bounds. --- Fréchet spaces. --- Measures of association.

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When measuring inequality of opportunity, researchers usually opt to eliminate within-type variation. Provided that in practice it is impossible to observe all circumstances, this implies that the researcher estimates a lower bound of the true level of inequality of opportunity. By using data drawn from 27 Demographic Household Surveys (circa 2008), it is found that lower bound estimates can have substantial measurement error, and that measurement error can vary considerably across countries. As a consequence, lower bound estimates of inequality of opportunity can demand too little redistribution to equalize inequalities due to circumstances and can make the "traditional" cross-country comparisons misleading.

Education --- Equity and development --- Gender --- Gender & law --- Inequality --- Inequality of opportunity --- Lower bounds --- Measurement error --- Poverty reduction --- Science and technology development --- Science education --- Scientific research & science parks

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Paperbacks --- -Reference books --- -Reference books, English --- Books --- Reference sources --- Bibliography --- Paper backs --- Paper-books --- Paper-bounds --- Paper-covers --- Paperback books --- Paperbooks --- Paperbounds --- Soft-covers --- Softbound books --- Softcovers --- Paperback editions --- -Bibliography --- Ouvrages de reference --- Repertoires

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This paper investigates whether the utilization of microcredit programs has a significant impact on the income and net worth of the participants. Several micro finance institutes are optimistic on the beneficial effects of microcredit programs. Others describe microcredit with interest rates in excess of 20 percent as a poverty trap. This paper uses more than 20 years of panel data on households in Bangladesh to estimate bounds on the causal effects of microcredit programs. The analysis rejects the hypothesis that these microcredit programs are a poverty trap. Moreover, the paper finds moderately positive effects of such programs.

Access to Finance --- Bounds Analysis --- Debt Markets --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Household Income --- Microcredit Programs --- Poverty Monitoring & Analysis --- Poverty Reduction --- Poverty Traps --- Randomized Controlled Trials --- Rural Poverty Reduction --- Social Development

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Numerical linear algebra is a very important topic in mathematics and has important recent applications in deep learning, machine learning, image processing, applied statistics, artificial intelligence and other interesting modern applications in many fields. The purpose of this Special Issue in Mathematics is to present the latest contributions and recent developments in numerical linear algebra and applications in different real domains. We invite authors to submit original and new papers and high-quality reviews related to the following topics: applied linear algebra, linear and nonlinear systems of equations, large matrix equations, numerical tensor problems with applications, ill-posed problems and image processing, linear algebra and applied statistics, model reduction in dynamic systems, and other related subjects. The submitted papers will be reviewed in line with the traditional submission process. This Special Issue will be dedicated to the inspired mathematician Constantin Petridi, who has devoted his life to mathematics.

Information technology industries --- inverse scattering --- reciprocity gap functional --- chiral media --- mixed boundary conditions --- non-linear matrix equations --- perturbation bounds --- Lyapunov majorants --- fixed-point principle --- nonsymmetric differential matrix Riccati equation --- cosine product --- Golub–Kahan algorithm --- Krylov subspaces --- PCA --- SVD --- tensors --- quadratic form --- estimates --- upper bounds --- networks --- perron vector --- power method --- lanczos method --- pseudospectra --- eigenvalues --- matrix polynomial --- perturbation --- Perron root --- large-scale matrices --- approximation algorithm --- high-dimensional --- minimum norm solution --- regularisation --- Tikhonov --- ℓp-ℓq --- variable selection --- inverse scattering --- reciprocity gap functional --- chiral media --- mixed boundary conditions --- non-linear matrix equations --- perturbation bounds --- Lyapunov majorants --- fixed-point principle --- nonsymmetric differential matrix Riccati equation --- cosine product --- Golub–Kahan algorithm --- Krylov subspaces --- PCA --- SVD --- tensors --- quadratic form --- estimates --- upper bounds --- networks --- perron vector --- power method --- lanczos method --- pseudospectra --- eigenvalues --- matrix polynomial --- perturbation --- Perron root --- large-scale matrices --- approximation algorithm --- high-dimensional --- minimum norm solution --- regularisation --- Tikhonov --- ℓp-ℓq --- variable selection