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This eBook is a collection of articles from a Frontiers Research Topic. Frontiers Research Topics are very popular trademarks of the Frontiers Journals Series: they are collections of at least ten articles, all centered on a particular subject. With their unique mix of varied contributions from Original Research to Review Articles, Frontiers Research Topics unify the most influential researchers, the latest key findings and historical advances in a hot research area! Find out more on how to host your own Frontiers Research Topic or contribute to one as an author by contacting the Frontiers Editorial Office: frontiersin.org/about/contact

BODIPY --- dyes/pigments --- spectroscopic properties --- synthesis --- borate complexes

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This comprehensive reference is the first to cover industrially important borates, from deposits, through chemistry, mining, processing, and applications. The reference work begins with a listing of the 238 currently known borate minerals, their formulas, and properties. It features modern theories on the origin of borate deposits, their molecular structure and detailed descriptions of the world's borate deposits. Garrett describes the fascinating history of the discovery and development of borate deposits with anecdotes of how resourceful operators overcame obstacles in obtaining their minera

Borates. --- Borax mines and mining. --- Colemanite. --- Borate minerals --- Boron ores --- Mines and mineral resources

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Nano- and microdispersed systems can be defined as dispersions of the nano- and microparticles (droplets, bubbles) of one material within a continuous phase of another material (gas, liquid, solid). Such systems are very widespread in nature. The most common examples include soils, aerosols, minerals, and various natural colloids. Nano- and microdispersed systems are also the subject of active research and represent a techno-economic sector with full expansion in many application domains. Nano- and microdispersed systems have gained prominence in technological advancements due to their diverse physicochemical and mechanical properties, including wettability, dispersion stability, electrical and thermal conductivity, and catalytic activity, resulting in enhanced performance over their counterparts with a particle size above 1 µm. Such systems are of interest to various research areas, including the development of new polymers and ceramic composites, sensors, biomaterials, energy conversion devices, wastewater treatment strategies, and many other applications. The present Special Issue of Processes will include recent enhancements in the synthesis and application of various types of nano- and microdispersed systems and will help to expand scientific cooperation in this important field of research.

Technology: general issues --- History of engineering & technology --- sorption --- heavy metals --- radioactive metals --- potassium titanate --- ion exchange --- natural rubber --- maleated natural rubber --- maleic anhydride --- Halloysite Nanotubes --- silver nanodecahedron --- SERS --- photochemical synthesis --- LEDs --- spark plasma sintering --- nanomodification --- mechanical processing --- densification --- mechanical properties --- low-carbon steels of the ferritic class --- nanoscale phase precipitates --- strength characteristics --- steel composition --- hot rolling --- structure --- 5-hydroxymethylfurfural --- 2,5-diformylfuran --- TiO2 --- electrochemical synthesis --- pulse alternating current --- CVD process --- doping --- single-crystal diamond --- boron --- triethyl borate --- thin films --- boron-doped diamond --- polymer composite --- sorbent --- wastewater --- polyvinyl butyral --- potassium polytitanate --- direct ethanol fuel cell --- platinum-based catalyst --- electrocatalysis --- nanoparticles --- platinum catalyst --- synthesis method --- polyol process --- electrochemical dispersion --- alternating current --- ethanol electrooxidation --- fuel cell --- carbon quantum dots --- polarization fluorescent analysis --- fluorescence properties --- copper cation --- water samples --- sorption --- heavy metals --- radioactive metals --- potassium titanate --- ion exchange --- natural rubber --- maleated natural rubber --- maleic anhydride --- Halloysite Nanotubes --- silver nanodecahedron --- SERS --- photochemical synthesis --- LEDs --- spark plasma sintering --- nanomodification --- mechanical processing --- densification --- mechanical properties --- low-carbon steels of the ferritic class --- nanoscale phase precipitates --- strength characteristics --- steel composition --- hot rolling --- structure --- 5-hydroxymethylfurfural --- 2,5-diformylfuran --- TiO2 --- electrochemical synthesis --- pulse alternating current --- CVD process --- doping --- single-crystal diamond --- boron --- triethyl borate --- thin films --- boron-doped diamond --- polymer composite --- sorbent --- wastewater --- polyvinyl butyral --- potassium polytitanate --- direct ethanol fuel cell --- platinum-based catalyst --- electrocatalysis --- nanoparticles --- platinum catalyst --- synthesis method --- polyol process --- electrochemical dispersion --- alternating current --- ethanol electrooxidation --- fuel cell --- carbon quantum dots --- polarization fluorescent analysis --- fluorescence properties --- copper cation --- water samples

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Crystallography remains, for mineralogy, one of the main sources of information on natural crystalline substances. A description of mineral species shape is carried out according to the principles of geometric crystallography; the crystal structure of minerals is determined using X-ray crystallography techniques, and physical crystallography approaches allow one to evaluate various properties of minerals, etc. However, the reverse comparison should not be forgotten as well: the crystallography science, in its current form, was born in the course of mineralogical research, long before preparative chemistry received such extensive development. It is worth noting that, even today, investigations of crystallographic characteristics of minerals regularly open up new horizons in materials science, because the possibilities of nature (fascinating chemical diversity; great variation of thermodynamic parameters; and, of course, almost endless processing time) are still not available for reproduction in any of the world's laboratories. This Special Issue is devoted to mineralogical crystallography, the oldest branch of crystallographic science, and aims to combine important surveys covering topics indicated in the keywords below.

Research & information: general --- galenobismutite --- high pressure --- single-crystal X-ray synchrotron diffraction --- equation of state --- calcium ferrite structure type --- lone electron pair --- vaterite --- calcium carbonate --- polymorph --- precipitation --- synthesis --- carbonation --- pathogen crystallization --- biomimetic synthesis --- renal stone --- calcium oxalate --- apatite --- brushite --- struvite --- octocalcium phosphate --- whitlockite --- Escherichia coli --- Klebsiella pneumoniae --- Pseudomonas aeruginosa --- Staphylococcus aureus --- uranyl --- selenite --- selenate --- crystal structure --- topology --- structural complexity --- demesmaekerite --- guillemenite --- haynesite --- coesite --- high-temperature Raman --- FTIR spectrum --- single crystal structure --- isobaric Grüneisen parameters --- OH-stretching modes --- strontium oxalate --- solid solutions --- ionic substitutions --- weddellite --- whewellite --- X-ray powder diffraction --- scanning electron microscopy --- EDX spectroscopy --- hydroxy-hydrate --- sulfate --- cesium --- schoepite --- krasnoshteinite --- zeolite-like borate --- hydrous aluminum chloroborate --- new mineral --- microporous crystalline material --- evaporitic salt rock --- Verkhnekamskoe potassium salt deposit --- Perm Krai --- anatomy --- Cactaceae --- oxalate --- silica --- stem --- stanfieldite --- phosphate --- merrillite --- meteorite --- pallasite --- mesosiderite --- luminophore --- bioceramics --- powder diffraction --- Raman spectroscopy --- Kamchatka --- hot springs --- pyrite --- complexity of crystal habits --- Mars --- mineral --- crystallography --- crystal chemistry --- X-ray diffraction --- crystal growth --- mineral evolution

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Nano- and microdispersed systems can be defined as dispersions of the nano- and microparticles (droplets, bubbles) of one material within a continuous phase of another material (gas, liquid, solid). Such systems are very widespread in nature. The most common examples include soils, aerosols, minerals, and various natural colloids. Nano- and microdispersed systems are also the subject of active research and represent a techno-economic sector with full expansion in many application domains. Nano- and microdispersed systems have gained prominence in technological advancements due to their diverse physicochemical and mechanical properties, including wettability, dispersion stability, electrical and thermal conductivity, and catalytic activity, resulting in enhanced performance over their counterparts with a particle size above 1 µm. Such systems are of interest to various research areas, including the development of new polymers and ceramic composites, sensors, biomaterials, energy conversion devices, wastewater treatment strategies, and many other applications. The present Special Issue of Processes will include recent enhancements in the synthesis and application of various types of nano- and microdispersed systems and will help to expand scientific cooperation in this important field of research.

Technology: general issues --- History of engineering & technology --- sorption --- heavy metals --- radioactive metals --- potassium titanate --- ion exchange --- natural rubber --- maleated natural rubber --- maleic anhydride --- Halloysite Nanotubes --- silver nanodecahedron --- SERS --- photochemical synthesis --- LEDs --- spark plasma sintering --- nanomodification --- mechanical processing --- densification --- mechanical properties --- low-carbon steels of the ferritic class --- nanoscale phase precipitates --- strength characteristics --- steel composition --- hot rolling --- structure --- 5-hydroxymethylfurfural --- 2,5-diformylfuran --- TiO2 --- electrochemical synthesis --- pulse alternating current --- CVD process --- doping --- single-crystal diamond --- boron --- triethyl borate --- thin films --- boron-doped diamond --- polymer composite --- sorbent --- wastewater --- polyvinyl butyral --- potassium polytitanate --- direct ethanol fuel cell --- platinum-based catalyst --- electrocatalysis --- nanoparticles --- platinum catalyst --- synthesis method --- polyol process --- electrochemical dispersion --- alternating current --- ethanol electrooxidation --- fuel cell --- carbon quantum dots --- polarization fluorescent analysis --- fluorescence properties --- copper cation --- water samples --- n/a