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This atlas will illustrate the distribution and morphological features of interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) which are the key cells to understanding of the regulatory mechanism of gastrointestinal motility, since ICC act as both pacemaker and as intermediates in neural transmission, and since ICC show specific distribution patterns depending on their anatomical positions. All subtypes of ICC located in the different tissue layers and different levels of the gastrointestinal tract will be revealed by immunohistochemistry for Kit receptors and nerves by using mainly whole-mount stretch preparation of the guinea-pig tissues. Three-dimensional reconstruction of confocal images will particularly help the readers to understand the peculiar arrangement of ICC networks in situ and the correlation between ICC and nerves. Electron micrographs will help illustrate the characteristic features of ICC and their ultrastructural differences from fibroblasts, smooth muscles and other interstitial cells.

Biomedicine. --- Gastrointestinal system -- Cytology -- Atlases. --- Medicine. --- Histocytochemistry --- Muscle Cells --- Microscopy --- Immunologic Tests --- Immunochemistry --- Biochemistry --- Laboratory Techniques and Procedures --- Diagnostic Imaging --- Cytological Techniques --- Investigative Techniques --- Histological Techniques --- Immunologic Techniques --- Cells --- Histology --- Clinical Laboratory Techniques --- Diagnosis --- Anatomy --- Diagnostic Techniques and Procedures --- Biological Science Disciplines --- Chemistry --- Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment --- Natural Science Disciplines --- Disciplines and Occupations --- Immunohistochemistry --- Interstitial Cells of Cajal --- Microscopy, Confocal --- Biology --- Medicine --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Cytology --- Urology & Nephrology --- Interstitial cystitis. --- Gastrointestinal system --- Diseases. --- Bladder pain syndrome --- BPS (Bladder pain syndrome) --- Hunner's ulcer --- IC (Interstitial cystitis) --- IC/PBS (Interstitial cystitis) --- Painful bladder syndrome --- PBS (Painful bladder syndrome) --- Biomedicine general. --- Cystitis --- Clinical sciences --- Medical profession --- Human biology --- Life sciences --- Medical sciences --- Pathology --- Physicians --- Health Workforce --- Biomedicine, general.

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This updated volume provides reflections on the original edition, as well as information on the developments that have occurred within bladder pain syndrome since the publication of the first edition. The epidemiology, etiology, diagnosis, and management of bladder pain syndrome are all covered. The book aims to give healthcare providers up to date guidelines and management suggestions within a quick-reference text. This book is relevant to clinicians who focus on bladder pain syndrome, as well as the gynaecologists, general urologists, and primary care providers who see these patients as a part of their practice.

Medicine. --- Urology. --- Medicine & Public Health. --- Interstitial cystitis. --- Bladder pain syndrome --- BPS (Bladder pain syndrome) --- Hunner's ulcer --- IC (Interstitial cystitis) --- IC/PBS (Interstitial cystitis) --- Painful bladder syndrome --- PBS (Painful bladder syndrome) --- Cystitis --- Medicine --- Genitourinary organs --- Diseases --- Cystitis, Interstitial --- Urinary Bladder. --- Pain. --- diagnosis. --- therapy. --- Ache --- Pain, Burning --- Pain, Crushing --- Pain, Migratory --- Pain, Radiating --- Pain, Splitting --- Suffering, Physical --- Aches --- Burning Pain --- Burning Pains --- Crushing Pain --- Crushing Pains --- Migratory Pain --- Migratory Pains --- Pains, Burning --- Pains, Crushing --- Pains, Migratory --- Pains, Radiating --- Pains, Splitting --- Physical Suffering --- Physical Sufferings --- Radiating Pain --- Radiating Pains --- Splitting Pain --- Splitting Pains --- Sufferings, Physical --- Analgesia --- Pain Insensitivity, Congenital --- Analgesics --- Hyperalgesia --- Palliative Care --- Bladder Detrusor Muscle --- Detrusor Urinae --- Bladder --- Bladder Detrusor Muscles --- Bladder, Urinary --- Detrusor Muscle, Bladder --- Detrusor Muscles, Bladder

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The botulinum toxin has been widely applied in the treatment of functional urological diseases, such as overactive bladder, neurogenic detrusor overactivity, interstitial cystitis, and chronic pelvic pain syndrome. Evidence has shown that the botulinum toxin not only affects the release of neuropeptides from motor nerve endings, but also connects sensory nerves to the central nervous system. Inflammation in the central nervous system can be reduced after botulinum toxin treatment. The scope of therapeutic targets involves detrusor overactivity, sensory disorders, bladder pain and pelvic pain, and inflammatory disorders of the bladder, prostate, and bladder outlet. Although the actual pathophysiological mechanism of the action of the botulinum toxin has not been completely demonstrated, an anti-inflammation effect might be the predominant therapeutic mechanism for functional urological disorders such as an overactive bladder, bladder hypersensitivity, interstitial cystitis, chronic pelvic pain syndrome, chronic prostatitis, and lower urinary tract symptoms/benign prostatic hyperplasia. This Special Issue of Toxins covers the therapeutic potentials of the botulinum toxin on lower urinary tract dysfunctions, with emphasis on the mechanism of pharmacological action and clinical effects.

Medicine --- urethra --- onabotulinumtoxinA --- voiding --- therapeutic outcome --- lower urinary tract symptoms --- botulinum toxin --- benign prostatic hyperplasia --- prostatitis --- inflammation --- Botulinum toxin --- chronic prostatitis --- interstitial cystitis --- treatment --- bladder pain --- botulinum toxin A --- predictor --- maximal bladder capacity --- hydrodistention --- urethral sphincter --- urethral sphincter dysfunction --- urodynamics --- drug delivery --- overactive bladder --- painful bladder syndrome --- molecular mechanism --- chronic pelvic pain syndrome --- pelvic pain --- functional urology disorder --- human --- network meta-analysis --- OnabotulinumtoxinA --- peripheral tibial nerve stimulation --- sacral neuromodulation --- bladder --- sensation --- therapy --- pathophysiology --- diabetes mellitus --- mid-urethral sling --- antimuscarinics --- urinary incontinence --- functional urological disorders --- pain --- neurogenic detrusor overactivity --- urethra --- onabotulinumtoxinA --- voiding --- therapeutic outcome --- lower urinary tract symptoms --- botulinum toxin --- benign prostatic hyperplasia --- prostatitis --- inflammation --- Botulinum toxin --- chronic prostatitis --- interstitial cystitis --- treatment --- bladder pain --- botulinum toxin A --- predictor --- maximal bladder capacity --- hydrodistention --- urethral sphincter --- urethral sphincter dysfunction --- urodynamics --- drug delivery --- overactive bladder --- painful bladder syndrome --- molecular mechanism --- chronic pelvic pain syndrome --- pelvic pain --- functional urology disorder --- human --- network meta-analysis --- OnabotulinumtoxinA --- peripheral tibial nerve stimulation --- sacral neuromodulation --- bladder --- sensation --- therapy --- pathophysiology --- diabetes mellitus --- mid-urethral sling --- antimuscarinics --- urinary incontinence --- functional urological disorders --- pain --- neurogenic detrusor overactivity