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Numerous studies indicate an accelerated growth of forest trees, induced by ongoing climate change. Similar trends were recently found for urban trees in major cities worldwide. Studies frequently report about substantial effects of climate change and the urban heat island effect (UHI) on plant growth. The combined effects of increasing temperatures, changing precipitation patterns, and extended growing season lengths, in addition to increasing nitrogen deposition and higher CO2 concentrations, can increase but also reduce plant growth. Closely related to this, the multiple functions and services provided by urban trees may be modified. Urban trees generate numerous ecosystem services, including carbon storage, mitigation of the heat island effect, reduction of rainwater runoff, pollutant filtering, recreation effects, shading, and cooling. The quantity of the ecosystem services is often closely associated with the species, structure, age, and size of the tree as well as with a tree's vitality. Therefore, greening cities, and particularly planting trees, seems to be an effective option to mitigate climate change and the UHI. The focus of this Special Issue is to underline the importance of trees as part of the urban green areas for major cities in all climate zones. Empirical as well as modeling studies of urban tree growth and their services and disservices in cities worldwide are included. Articles about the dynamics, structures, and functions of urban trees as well as the influence of climate and climate change on urban tree growth, urban species composition, carbon storage, and biodiversity are also discussed.

green spaces --- urban heat island --- Landsat TM --- human health --- root:shoot ratio --- choice experiment --- urban trees --- BVOC emission --- climate change --- urbanity --- urbanization --- sustainability --- drought stress --- ecosystem disservices --- tree growth --- Greenway --- oxides --- hot arid urban climate --- carbon sequestration --- abundance --- landscape planning --- bud break --- urban microclimate --- tree competition --- urban forest --- allergenic potential --- sampling plots --- climate change implications --- ecosystem modeling --- preferences --- urban parks --- basal area --- urban tree growth --- air pollution removal --- environmental quality --- species richness --- surface temperature --- drought --- growing season --- air pollution --- ecosystem services --- biomass allocation

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The oomycete genus Phytophthora represents one of the most notorious groups of tree pathogens in natural and semi-natural forest ecosystems. Since the discovery in the 1960s of the invasive P. cinnamomi, threatening some of the world’s richest plant communities in Australia, numerous Phytophthora diseases have been reported on forest trees worldwide, which were previously unknown to science. The most notable examples include the oak and beech declines triggered by different Phytophthora spp. in Europe and North America, the findings of sudden oak death and sudden larch death caused by P. ramorum in the Western USA and the U.K., respectively, and the association of P. austrocedri with mal del ciprés in Argentina and juniper decline in the U.K. All these epidemic events are driven by exotic invasive Phytophthora species, introduced through infested nursery plants from their native overseas environments. In recent years, many independent surveys have studied the diversity of Phytophthora species and the diseases they are causing across a diverse range of forests and other natural ecosystems. This Special Issue presents papers on Phytophthora surveys performed in different biogeographic regions and addresses the pathways, and ecological and economic impacts of these invasive forest pathogens.

soilborne pathogens --- pathways --- Populus --- Phytophthora plurivora --- Phytophthora pini --- pathogenicity tests --- biomass allocation --- dehesas --- drought --- montados --- oak decline --- plant traits --- root rot --- invasive species --- natural ecosystems --- streams --- vegetation type --- baiting --- ITS region --- leaf decay --- oomycetes --- aquatic fungi --- trophic specialization --- saprotroph --- pathogen --- parasite --- Phytophthora --- diversity --- wild apple forest --- decline --- forest disease monitoring --- holm oak decline --- biosecurity --- breeding systems --- hybridization --- Phytophthora cinnamomi --- biogeography --- center of origin --- GLMM --- tree mortality --- root rot. --- plantation --- open forests --- Phytophthora ×cambivora --- bark canker --- ectomycorrhiza --- cork oak

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The book is reprint version of the Special Issue entitled Research on the Regulatory Mechanisms of Algae Reproduction under Abiotic Stress Conditions, highlighting novel findings that significantly contribute to the development of our understanding of how abiotic stress-inducible reproduction is regulated by physiological responses including the life cycle trade-off.

Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- asexual reproduction --- 'Bangia' sp. ESS1 --- Bangiales --- calm stress --- freezing tolerance --- fatty acid --- membrane fluidity --- climate change --- foundation species --- fucoid brown algae --- non-additive effect --- simulated herbivory --- Bangia atropurpurea --- 'Bangia' sp. --- heat stress --- stress memory --- thermotolerance --- macroalga --- Ulva prolifera --- obligate asexual strain --- relative growth rate --- sporulation --- land-based cultivation --- germling cluster method --- biomass allocation --- green tide --- Ulva ohnoi --- vegetative growth