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This reprint contains a collection of state-of-the-art reviews and original research articles from leaders in the field of 3D/4D printing. It focuses on 3D/4D printing materials with novel and/or advanced functionalities, novel applications of 3DP material, and material synthesis and characterization techniques.

Technology: general issues --- History of engineering & technology --- Materials science --- 3D printing --- additive manufacturing --- dental forceps --- CFR (continuous fiber reinforcement) --- fatigue test --- mechanical testing --- composite --- carbon --- scanning electron microscopy --- polyphenylsulfone --- PPSF --- fire-resistant --- aircraft interior --- selective laser sintering --- direct writing --- PVC gel --- artificial muscle --- rheological behavior --- integrated printing --- 4D printing --- fused deposition modelling --- stereolithography --- polymers --- FEM --- FDM --- microstructure behavior --- linear analysis --- RVE --- polyimide --- aerogels --- chemical smoothing --- vapor smoothing --- PVB --- carbon fiber mold --- polylactic acid --- sound reflection --- excitation frequency --- porosity --- 3D printing technique --- thickness --- air gap --- FluidFM --- microstructures --- nanostructures --- biofunctionalization --- mechanical properties --- scanning probe lithography --- copper complex --- photocomposite --- LED --- laser write --- free radical photopolymerization --- bio-inspired spider silks --- adjustable mechanical properties --- shape morphing --- stimulus response

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This book is a collection of papers published in the Special Issue of Pharmaceutics, entitled "Pharmaceutical Particulates and Membranes for Delivery of Drugs and Bioactive Molecules". A drug release profile is a consequential factor for nanoparticle application, directly related to drug stability and therapeutic results, as well as formulation development. Pharmaceutical particulates of different sizes and shapes (e.g., liposomes, oil-in-water emulsions, polymeric nano- and microspheres, metallic nanoparticles (NPs) such as gold, silver and iron oxide crystals, and core-shell hybrid NPs) offer many diagnostic and therapeutic applications. Membranes are also extensively utilized in many applications. They are especially beneficial to the distribution of macromolecular drugs and biopharmaceutical drugs (peptides, proteins, antibodies, oligonucleotides, plasmids, and viruses) with physicochemical and pharmacokinetic vulnerability. The delivery of drugs and bioactive molecules using particulates and membranes has gained a great deal of attention for various applications, such as the treatment of secondary infections, cancer treatment, skin regeneration, orthopaedic applications, and antimicrobial drug delivery. In addition, several production techniques have been utilized for the fabrication of particulates and membranes in the last decade, which include lyophilisation, micro-emulsion, nano-spray dryer, nano-electrospinning, slip casting and 3D printers. Therefore, pharmaceutical particulates and membranes possess excellent prospects to deliver drugs and bioactive molecules with the potential to improve new delivery strategies like sustained and controlled release.

alginate gelispheres --- textural analysis --- crosslinked matrices --- PLGA discs --- prolonged release --- powder flow properties --- microfluidics --- coculture --- HER2 --- polystyrene µPs --- biofunctionalization --- coaxial electrospraying --- polymeric nanoparticles --- spreading angle --- process-property-performance relationship --- nanoemulsion --- mixture design --- aqueous humor --- antimicrobial activity --- sustained release pellets --- double coating layer --- loxoprofen --- citric acid --- pharmacokinetic studies --- biomimetic magnetite --- drug delivery --- magnetic hyperthermia --- magnetite --- MamC --- nanoparticles stability --- pharmaceutical particulates --- membranes --- drug delivery systems --- bio-imaging --- bioactive molecules --- composite --- N-hydroxyphthalimide --- carbon dots --- polymer gels --- antitumoral activity --- wound dressing --- polymeric membrane --- nanoparticles --- curcumin --- alginate --- pluronic F68 --- drug skin permeation --- Franz cells --- tape stripping --- wound infection --- biofilm --- pseudomonas aeruginosa --- antimicrobial delivery --- polyvinylpyrrolidone --- nanofibers --- red blood cells membrane --- arsenic trioxide --- sodium alginate nanoparticles --- reduce toxicity --- anti-tumor --- pediatric drug delivery --- tuberculosis --- reconstitutable dry suspension --- isoniazid --- polymer-lipid --- microparticulate --- direct emulsification --- n/a

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This Special Issue of the International Journal of Molecular Science comprises a comprehensive study on “Antimicrobial Materials with Medical Applications”. The Special Issue has been inspired by the great progress made in the development of new antimicrobial materials that go beyond the resistance of microbes to modern antibiotics. It covers a selection of recent research and review articles in the field of antimicrobial materials and their medical applications. Moreover, it also provides an overview of this increasingly diverse field, presenting recent developments and the latest research, with particular emphasis on new antimicrobial surfaces, medical devices, contact lens, package materials, etc.

Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- Microbiology (non-medical) --- bisdemethoxycurcumin --- curcumin --- curcuminoid --- demethoxycurcumin --- photodynamic inactivation --- Staphylococcus aureus --- Staphylococcus epidermis --- prosthetic joint infection --- fracture-related infection --- bone graft substitute --- revision arthroplasty --- local antibiotic --- antimicrobial activity --- oxo-titanium(IV) complexes --- polymer-inorganic composites --- physicochemical properties --- thermal properties --- multi-functionalized cellulose microfibers --- controlled release --- wound dressing --- antioxidant activity --- sericin --- AgNPs --- ZnO --- green synthesis --- cavity disinfection --- antimicrobial substances --- chlorhexidine --- adhesion --- bonding --- dental caries --- Cr2O3 --- Abutilon indicum (L.) Sweet --- antibacterial --- anticancer --- antioxidant --- biocompatibility --- metallic nanoparticles --- silver --- gold --- synthesis --- characterization --- surface reactivity --- stability --- antibacterial activity --- Escherichia coli --- multidrug resistant bacteria --- silver nanoparticles --- oregano leaves' extract --- antimicrobial materials --- hydrogels --- contact lens --- plasma electrolytic oxidation --- additive manufacturing --- titanium bone implants --- antibacterial biomaterials --- surface biofunctionalization --- implant-associated infection --- cavity disinfectants --- primary teeth --- bond strength --- face shield --- facial protective equipment --- SARS-CoV-2 --- phage phi 6 --- MRSA --- MRSE --- polyethylene terephthalate --- benzalkonium chloride --- COVID-19 --- multidrug-resistant bacteria --- bioreduction --- biocapping agent --- bionanofactories --- biomedical

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Recently, great attention has been paid to materials that can be used in the human body to prepare parts that replace failed bone structures. Of all materials, Ti-based materials are the most desirable, because they provide an optimum combination of mechanical, chemical, and biological properties. The successful application of Ti biomaterials has been confirmed mainly in dentistry, orthopedics, and traumatology. Titanium biocompatibility is practically the highest of all metallic biomaterials; however, new solutions are being sought to continuously improve their biocompatibility and osseointegration. Thus, the chemical modification of Ti results in the formation of new alloys or composites, which provide new perspectives for Ti biomaterials applications. This book covers broad aspects of Ti-based biomaterials concerning the design of their structure, mechanical, and biological properties. This book demonstrates that the new Ti-based compounds and their surface treatment provide the best properties for biomedical applications.

History of engineering & technology --- Powder Bed Fusion --- Titanium alloys --- Cobalt–Chrome alloys --- anisotropy --- bcc Ti-Mo-Zr alloys --- Inter-diffusion coefficient --- Impurity coefficient --- Atomic mobility --- CALPHAD modeling --- titanium --- low frequency --- inductive transmission --- metallic housing --- hermetic sealing --- longevity --- FEM model --- active implantable medical devices --- stainless --- nitinol --- diaphyseal fracture --- implant --- osseointegration --- biocompatibility --- bioactive ceramic coatings --- sphene --- ECAP --- Conform --- continuous extrusion --- wire --- medical implants --- plasma spraying --- Ti coating --- polymers --- biomaterials --- heat treatment --- in situ alloying --- laser additive manufacturing --- mechanical properties --- microstructure --- Ti–Nb alloy --- Ni-Ti alloy --- surface characteristics --- hydrophobic --- magnetic mixed EDM --- TiO2 nanotubes --- crystallization --- gaseous plasma --- biological response --- mechanical alloying --- nanoprecursor --- electric pulse-assisted sintering --- metal matrix composites --- titanium plate --- amine plasma --- surface modification --- hydrophilicity --- new bone formation --- titanium-based foams --- thermal dealloying --- titanium alloy --- biomaterial --- TiMoZrTa --- TiMoSi --- low elasticity modulus --- corrosion --- titanium alloys --- microstructures --- TNTZ --- copper --- Ti2Cu --- Ti3Cu --- antibacterial --- shape memory alloy --- temperature variable micro-compression test --- single crystal --- biomedical alloy --- selective electron beam additive manufacture --- Ti6Al4V ELI alloy --- phase transformation --- spatial --- gradient energy density --- martensitic decomposition --- Ti3Al intermetallic compound --- fracture analysis --- biofunctionalization

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Recently, great attention has been paid to materials that can be used in the human body to prepare parts that replace failed bone structures. Of all materials, Ti-based materials are the most desirable, because they provide an optimum combination of mechanical, chemical, and biological properties. The successful application of Ti biomaterials has been confirmed mainly in dentistry, orthopedics, and traumatology. Titanium biocompatibility is practically the highest of all metallic biomaterials; however, new solutions are being sought to continuously improve their biocompatibility and osseointegration. Thus, the chemical modification of Ti results in the formation of new alloys or composites, which provide new perspectives for Ti biomaterials applications. This book covers broad aspects of Ti-based biomaterials concerning the design of their structure, mechanical, and biological properties. This book demonstrates that the new Ti-based compounds and their surface treatment provide the best properties for biomedical applications.

History of engineering & technology --- Powder Bed Fusion --- Titanium alloys --- Cobalt–Chrome alloys --- anisotropy --- bcc Ti-Mo-Zr alloys --- Inter-diffusion coefficient --- Impurity coefficient --- Atomic mobility --- CALPHAD modeling --- titanium --- low frequency --- inductive transmission --- metallic housing --- hermetic sealing --- longevity --- FEM model --- active implantable medical devices --- stainless --- nitinol --- diaphyseal fracture --- implant --- osseointegration --- biocompatibility --- bioactive ceramic coatings --- sphene --- ECAP --- Conform --- continuous extrusion --- wire --- medical implants --- plasma spraying --- Ti coating --- polymers --- biomaterials --- heat treatment --- in situ alloying --- laser additive manufacturing --- mechanical properties --- microstructure --- Ti–Nb alloy --- Ni-Ti alloy --- surface characteristics --- hydrophobic --- magnetic mixed EDM --- TiO2 nanotubes --- crystallization --- gaseous plasma --- biological response --- mechanical alloying --- nanoprecursor --- electric pulse-assisted sintering --- metal matrix composites --- titanium plate --- amine plasma --- surface modification --- hydrophilicity --- new bone formation --- titanium-based foams --- thermal dealloying --- titanium alloy --- biomaterial --- TiMoZrTa --- TiMoSi --- low elasticity modulus --- corrosion --- titanium alloys --- microstructures --- TNTZ --- copper --- Ti2Cu --- Ti3Cu --- antibacterial --- shape memory alloy --- temperature variable micro-compression test --- single crystal --- biomedical alloy --- selective electron beam additive manufacture --- Ti6Al4V ELI alloy --- phase transformation --- spatial --- gradient energy density --- martensitic decomposition --- Ti3Al intermetallic compound --- fracture analysis --- biofunctionalization