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This Special Issue is related to studies of the hydrogen production from formic acid decomposition. It is based on five research papers and two reviews. The reviews discuss the liquid phase formic acid decomposition over bimetallic (PdAg), molecular (Ru, Ir, Fe, Co), and heterogenized molecular catalysts. The gas-phase reaction is studied over highly dispersed Pd, Pt, Au, Cu, and Ni supported catalysts. It is shown that the nature of the catalyst’s support plays an important role for the reaction. Thus, N-doping of the carbon support provides a significant promotional effect. One of the reasons for the high activity of the N-doped catalysts is the formation of single-atom active sites stabilized by pyridinic N species present in the support. It is demonstrated that carbon materials can be N-doped in different ways. It can be performed either directly from N-containing compounds during the carbon synthesis or by a post-synthetic deposition of N-containing compounds on the carbon support with known properties. The Issue could be useful for specialists in catalysis and nanomaterials as well as for graduate students studying chemistry and chemical engineering. The reported results can be applied for development of catalysts for the hydrogen production from different liquid organic hydrogen carriers.

Technology: general issues --- formic acid decomposition --- hydrogen production --- CuO-CeO2/γ-Al2O3 --- multifuel processor --- copper catalyst --- oxygenates --- fuel cell --- Pd/C --- melamine --- g-C3N4 --- bipyridine --- phenanthroline --- N-doped carbon --- hydrogen --- formic acid --- platinum --- nitrogen doped --- carbon nanotubes --- carbon nanofibers --- heterogeneous catalysts --- bimetallic nanoparticles --- PdAg --- AgPd --- alloy --- nickel catalyst --- porous carbon support --- nitrogen doping --- hydrogen energetics --- hydrogen carrier --- formic acid dehydrogenation --- supported gold catalysts --- formic --- formate --- hybrid --- functionalization --- co-catalyst --- additive --- amine --- molecular catalyst --- nanocatalyst --- nano co-catalyst --- formic acid decomposition --- hydrogen production --- CuO-CeO2/γ-Al2O3 --- multifuel processor --- copper catalyst --- oxygenates --- fuel cell --- Pd/C --- melamine --- g-C3N4 --- bipyridine --- phenanthroline --- N-doped carbon --- hydrogen --- formic acid --- platinum --- nitrogen doped --- carbon nanotubes --- carbon nanofibers --- heterogeneous catalysts --- bimetallic nanoparticles --- PdAg --- AgPd --- alloy --- nickel catalyst --- porous carbon support --- nitrogen doping --- hydrogen energetics --- hydrogen carrier --- formic acid dehydrogenation --- supported gold catalysts --- formic --- formate --- hybrid --- functionalization --- co-catalyst --- additive --- amine --- molecular catalyst --- nanocatalyst --- nano co-catalyst

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Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) is a research technique that was discovered in the mid-1970s. SERS is a powerful and fast tool for analysis, which has a high detection sensitivity for a great number of chemical and biological molecules. However, it is in this last decade that a very significant explosion of the fabrication of highly sensitive SERS substrates has occurred using novel designs of plasmonic nanostructures and novel fabrication techniques of the latter, as well as new plasmonic materials and hybrid nanomaterials. Thus, this Special Issue is dedicated to reporting on the latest advances in novel plasmonic nanomaterials that are applied to the SERS domain. These developments are illustrated through several articles and reviews written by researchers in this field from around the world.

pulsed laser ablation --- acetonitrile (CH3CN) --- Cu/gCN hybrids --- localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) --- surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) --- surface enhanced resonance Raman scattering (SERRS) --- silver aggregates --- laser-induced synthesis --- surface-enhanced Raman scattering --- hot spots --- SERS --- sensors --- plasmonics --- gold --- silicon --- surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) --- surface plasmon polariton (SPP) --- surface plasmon resonance (SPR) --- nanograting --- nanofabrication --- electron beam lithography --- zinc oxide --- metal oxides --- self-assembly --- bimetallic nanoparticles --- localized surface plasmon --- surface enhanced Raman scattering --- grating effect --- gold nanodisks --- Rayleigh anomaly --- n/a

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Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) is a research technique that was discovered in the mid-1970s. SERS is a powerful and fast tool for analysis, which has a high detection sensitivity for a great number of chemical and biological molecules. However, it is in this last decade that a very significant explosion of the fabrication of highly sensitive SERS substrates has occurred using novel designs of plasmonic nanostructures and novel fabrication techniques of the latter, as well as new plasmonic materials and hybrid nanomaterials. Thus, this Special Issue is dedicated to reporting on the latest advances in novel plasmonic nanomaterials that are applied to the SERS domain. These developments are illustrated through several articles and reviews written by researchers in this field from around the world.

Research & information: general --- pulsed laser ablation --- acetonitrile (CH3CN) --- Cu/gCN hybrids --- localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) --- surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) --- surface enhanced resonance Raman scattering (SERRS) --- silver aggregates --- laser-induced synthesis --- surface-enhanced Raman scattering --- hot spots --- SERS --- sensors --- plasmonics --- gold --- silicon --- surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) --- surface plasmon polariton (SPP) --- surface plasmon resonance (SPR) --- nanograting --- nanofabrication --- electron beam lithography --- zinc oxide --- metal oxides --- self-assembly --- bimetallic nanoparticles --- localized surface plasmon --- surface enhanced Raman scattering --- grating effect --- gold nanodisks --- Rayleigh anomaly --- n/a

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The formulation of coated composite materials is an important field of research around the world today. Coated composite materials include inhomogeneous and anisotropic materials. These materials are formulated by an amalgamate minimum of two or more materials that accommodate different properties. These materials have a vast field of appealing applications that encourage scientists to work on them. Due to their unique properties, such as their strength, liability, swiftness, and low cost, they are used as promising candidates for reliable applications in various fields, such as biomedical, engineering, energy devices, wastewater treatment, and agriculture. Different types of composite materials have had a noticeable impact in these fields already, such as glass, plastic, and, most promisingly, metal oxide nanoparticles.

Technology: general issues --- 6H-SiC --- Cu-Sn alloy --- ion implantation --- wettability --- interface --- nanoparticles --- dyes --- catalysis --- reduction --- glass/Kevlar --- hybrid composites --- hand layup --- epoxy --- hardener --- tensile --- hardness shore D --- water absorption --- density --- peel --- ratio --- Al2O3-Cr2O3 composite --- consolidation behavior --- microstructure --- mechanical properties --- thermal shock resistance --- ammonia electro-oxidation --- cyclic voltammetry --- electrochemical surface area (ECSA) --- electrocatalysts --- nanocomposites --- infrared detector --- resonant cavity --- energy applications --- absorptance --- Ce–Cu oxide --- co-precipitation --- photocatalyst --- dye degradation --- CuO/γ-Al2O3 --- ammonia electro-oxidation (AEO) --- nanocomposite structure --- XRD --- photoluminescence --- rare earth element REE --- heterogeneous catalysis --- perovskite --- CH3NH3PbI3 --- solar cells --- polysilane --- decaphenylcyclopentasilane --- stability --- chlorobenzene --- calculation --- Raman scattering --- lead-free --- NBT–BMN --- weight loss --- dielectric --- piezoelectric ceramics --- bimetallic nanoparticles --- kinetics --- antioxidant studies --- catalytic activity --- 6H-SiC --- Cu-Sn alloy --- ion implantation --- wettability --- interface --- nanoparticles --- dyes --- catalysis --- reduction --- glass/Kevlar --- hybrid composites --- hand layup --- epoxy --- hardener --- tensile --- hardness shore D --- water absorption --- density --- peel --- ratio --- Al2O3-Cr2O3 composite --- consolidation behavior --- microstructure --- mechanical properties --- thermal shock resistance --- ammonia electro-oxidation --- cyclic voltammetry --- electrochemical surface area (ECSA) --- electrocatalysts --- nanocomposites --- infrared detector --- resonant cavity --- energy applications --- absorptance --- Ce–Cu oxide --- co-precipitation --- photocatalyst --- dye degradation --- CuO/γ-Al2O3 --- ammonia electro-oxidation (AEO) --- nanocomposite structure --- XRD --- photoluminescence --- rare earth element REE --- heterogeneous catalysis --- perovskite --- CH3NH3PbI3 --- solar cells --- polysilane --- decaphenylcyclopentasilane --- stability --- chlorobenzene --- calculation --- Raman scattering --- lead-free --- NBT–BMN --- weight loss --- dielectric --- piezoelectric ceramics --- bimetallic nanoparticles --- kinetics --- antioxidant studies --- catalytic activity

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Metal ions are fundamental elements for the maintenance of the lifespan of plants, animals and humans. Their substantial role in biological systems was recognized a long time ago. They are essential for the maintenance of life and their absence can cause growth disorders, severe malfunction, carcinogenesis or death. They are protagonists as macro- or microelements in several structural and functional roles, participating in many bio-chemical reactions, and arise in several forms. They participate in intra- and intercellular communications, in maintaining electrical charges and osmotic pressure, in photosynthesis and electron transfer processes, in the maintenance of pairing, stacking and the stability of nucleotide bases and also in the regulation of DNA transcription. They contribute to the proper functioning of nerve cells, muscle cells, the brain and the heart, the transport of oxygen and to many other biological processes up to the point that we cannot even imagine a life without metals. In this book, the papers published in the Special Issue “The Role of Metal Ions in Biology, Biochemistry and Medicine” are summarized, providing a picture of metal ion uses in biology, biochemistry and medicine, but also pointing out the toxicity impacts on plants, animals, humans and the environment.

Research & information: general --- aluminium --- chlorophyll fluorescence --- durum wheat --- excitation pressure --- non-photochemical quenching --- photosynthesis --- photoprotection --- photoinhibition --- reactive oxygen species --- triticale --- Cd toxicity --- detoxification mechanism --- photochemical quenching --- photosynthetic heterogeneity --- photoprotective mechanism --- phytoremediation --- plastoquinone pool --- redox state --- spatiotemporal variation --- mercury --- biosorption --- dead cells --- Lysinibacillus sphaericus --- dithizone --- GF-AAS --- EDS-SEM --- adaptive response --- hormetic response --- hydrogen peroxide --- marine angiosperms --- reactive oxygen species (ROS) --- zinc oxide nanoparticles --- titanium dioxide --- nanoparticles --- solubility --- toxicity --- skin --- safety --- bimetallic nanoparticles --- mature leaves --- spatiotemporal heterogeneity --- young leaves --- osteoblasts --- corrosion --- ions --- particles --- osteolysis --- inflammation --- bioimaging --- clary sage --- effective quantum yield (ΦPSΙΙ) --- non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) --- photochemical quenching (qp) --- singlet oxygen (1O2) --- aseptic loosening --- metal ions --- monocytes --- macrophages --- 5-caffeoylquinic acid --- chlorogenic acid --- zinc --- plant phenolic compounds --- oxidative stress --- aluminium --- chlorophyll fluorescence --- durum wheat --- excitation pressure --- non-photochemical quenching --- photosynthesis --- photoprotection --- photoinhibition --- reactive oxygen species --- triticale --- Cd toxicity --- detoxification mechanism --- photochemical quenching --- photosynthetic heterogeneity --- photoprotective mechanism --- phytoremediation --- plastoquinone pool --- redox state --- spatiotemporal variation --- mercury --- biosorption --- dead cells --- Lysinibacillus sphaericus --- dithizone --- GF-AAS --- EDS-SEM --- adaptive response --- hormetic response --- hydrogen peroxide --- marine angiosperms --- reactive oxygen species (ROS) --- zinc oxide nanoparticles --- titanium dioxide --- nanoparticles --- solubility --- toxicity --- skin --- safety --- bimetallic nanoparticles --- mature leaves --- spatiotemporal heterogeneity --- young leaves --- osteoblasts --- corrosion --- ions --- particles --- osteolysis --- inflammation --- bioimaging --- clary sage --- effective quantum yield (ΦPSΙΙ) --- non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) --- photochemical quenching (qp) --- singlet oxygen (1O2) --- aseptic loosening --- metal ions --- monocytes --- macrophages --- 5-caffeoylquinic acid --- chlorogenic acid --- zinc --- plant phenolic compounds --- oxidative stress