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The aim of this treatise is to summarize the current understanding of the mechanisms for blood flow control to skeletal muscle under resting conditions, how perfusion is elevated (exercise hyperemia) to meet the increased demand for oxygen and other substrates during exercise, mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of regular physical activity on cardiovascular health, the regulation of transcapillary fluid filtration and protein flux across the microvascular exchange vessels, and the role of changes in the skeletal muscle circulation in pathologic states. Skeletal muscle is unique among organs in that its blood flow can change over a remarkably large range. Compared to blood flow at rest, muscle blood flow can increase by more than 20-fold on average during intense exercise, while perfusion of certain individual white muscles or portions of those muscles can increase by as much as 80-fold. This is compared to maximal increases of 4- to 6-fold in the coronary circulation during exercise. These increases in muscle perfusion are required to meet the enormous demands for oxygen and nutrients by the active muscles. Because of its large mass and the fact that skeletal muscles receive 25% of the cardiac output at rest, sympathetically mediated vasoconstriction in vessels supplying this tissue allows central hemodynamic variables (e.g., blood pressure) to be spared during stresses such as hypovolemic shock. Sympathetic vasoconstriction in skeletal muscle in such pathologic conditions also effectively shunts blood flow away from muscles to tissues that are more sensitive to reductions in their blood supply that might otherwise occur. Again, because of its large mass and percentage of cardiac output directed to skeletal muscle, alterations in blood vessel structure and function with chronic disease (e.g., hypertension) contribute significantly to the pathology of such disorders. Alterations in skeletal muscle vascular resistance and/or in the exchange properties of this vascular bed also modify transcapillary fluid filtration and solute movement across the microvascular barrier to influence muscle function and contribute to disease pathology. Finally, it is clear that exercise training induces an adaptive transformation to a protected phenotype in the vasculature supplying skeletal muscle and other tissues to promote overall cardiovascular health.
Striated muscle. --- Striated muscle --- Blood --- Blood-vessels. --- Circulation --- Regulation. --- Muscles --- blood supply. --- basal vascular tone --- vasoregulation --- exercise hyperemia --- transcapillary exchange --- edema formation --- ischemia/reperfusion --- risk factors --- inflammation --- beneficial effects of exercise
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The aim of this Special Issue is to publish high quality papers concerning poultry nutrition and the interrelations between nutrition, metabolism, microbiota and the health of poultry. Therefore, I invite submissions of recent findings, as original research or reviews, on poultry nutrition, including, but not limited to, the following areas: the effect of feeding on poultry meat end egg quality; nutrient requirements of poultry; the use of functional feed additives to improve gut health and immune status; microbiota; nutraceuticals; soybean meal replacers as alternative sources of protein for poultry; the effects of feeding poultry on environmental impacts; the use of feed/food by-products in poultry diet; and feed technology.
Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- Technology, engineering, agriculture --- Aflatoxin B1 --- Lactobacillus --- anti-fungal --- Aspergillus flavus --- in vitro --- poultry --- chickens --- ascorbic acid --- curcumin --- boric acid --- necrotic enteritis --- Salmonella Enteritidis --- broiler --- growth --- intestinal villi --- Salmonella --- broilers --- IBDV --- soybean isoflavones --- immune function --- viral protein 5 mRNA expression --- ducks --- zinc oxide --- phytase --- growth performance --- zinc utilization --- residual feed consumption --- quail --- high environmental temperature --- intestinal morphology --- duodenum --- intestinal absorption --- broilers feeding --- propolis --- bee pollen --- DHA --- omega-3 --- fatty acids --- enrichment --- selenium sources-levels --- selenium retention --- antioxidant capacity --- frozen meat --- embryonic development --- heat shock proteins --- immunoglobulin --- intracytoplasmic vacuoles --- L-arginine --- amino acids --- dietary supplementation --- humoral immunity --- Moringa oleifera --- laying performance --- health status --- energy requirement --- meat quality --- slow-growing broilers --- nutrient deposition --- xylanase --- arabinofuranosidases --- nutrient utilization --- immunity --- strain --- in ovo injection --- royal jelly --- chicken --- hatchability --- blood --- chitooligosaccharide --- intestinal integrity --- digestive function --- heat stress --- indigenous yellow-feathered breed --- denatonium benzoate --- genistein --- ggTas2Rs --- bitter taste receptors --- licorice --- Glycyrrhiza glabra --- beneficial effects --- pharmaceutical --- health --- turkey --- footpad dermatitis --- charcoal --- crude protein reduced diet --- compensatory growth --- omega-6 --- fatty acid --- nutrition --- performance --- antioxidant --- egg and meat quality --- fertility --- cholesterol --- CuZn-SOD --- HMG-CoA --- HSP70 --- laying hens --- L-Thr --- n/a --- vitamin B12 --- pekin ducks --- weight gain --- feed intake --- feed conversion ratio --- hematological indicator --- antibiotic --- hydrolysable polyphenol --- monoglyceride --- pathogen --- poultry feeding --- antioxidant status --- bamboo leaf extract --- cholesterol metabolism --- apoptosis --- autophagy --- heart --- kidney --- Camelina oil --- Camelina cake --- polyunsaturated fatty acids --- broiler chicken --- threonine --- metabolism --- blood parameter --- polyethylene glycol --- red grape pomace waste --- broiler chickens --- alternative energy source --- soybean lecithin --- phospholipids --- vegetable acid oil --- digestibility balance --- free fatty acids --- triacylglycerols --- mannanoligosaccharide --- oxidative status --- Partridge Shank chickens --- nanoparticles --- chromium --- supplementation --- electrophysiology --- Ussing chamber --- antibiotics --- intestinal health --- probiotics --- methionine --- reduced crude protein --- slaughter characteristics --- medicinal mushrooms --- Allium --- feed additive --- organosulfur compounds --- polyphenols --- levels --- sources --- carcass --- betaine --- Evans blue dye --- physiological responses --- feed additives --- prebiotics --- phytogenics --- organic acids --- anticoccidials --- Clostridium perfringens --- production performance --- essential oils --- housing system --- ISA brown --- production --- egg production --- green tea powder --- huainan partridge chicken --- lipoprotein lipase --- plasma lipid --- cadmium --- clay --- blood biochemical parameters --- multienzymes --- administration method --- enzyme dose --- blood constituents --- blood chemistry --- emulsifiers --- TBARs --- nutrient requirements --- growth indices --- modeling --- Chinese yellow-feathered chickens --- probiotic --- phytobiotic --- alternative ingredients --- lipid peroxidation --- biological nano-curcumin --- diet --- pathogens --- phytobiotics --- green tea --- pomegranate --- drinking water --- antiradical activity --- cecal microbiota --- SNP --- IGF1 --- IGFBP2 --- TGFß3 --- Hubbard F15 --- Cobb E --- meat --- bilberry leaves --- walnut leaves --- digestive enzyme activities --- blood haematology --- serum biochemistry
Choose an application
The aim of this Special Issue is to publish high quality papers concerning poultry nutrition and the interrelations between nutrition, metabolism, microbiota and the health of poultry. Therefore, I invite submissions of recent findings, as original research or reviews, on poultry nutrition, including, but not limited to, the following areas: the effect of feeding on poultry meat end egg quality; nutrient requirements of poultry; the use of functional feed additives to improve gut health and immune status; microbiota; nutraceuticals; soybean meal replacers as alternative sources of protein for poultry; the effects of feeding poultry on environmental impacts; the use of feed/food by-products in poultry diet; and feed technology.
Aflatoxin B1 --- Lactobacillus --- anti-fungal --- Aspergillus flavus --- in vitro --- poultry --- chickens --- ascorbic acid --- curcumin --- boric acid --- necrotic enteritis --- Salmonella Enteritidis --- broiler --- growth --- intestinal villi --- Salmonella --- broilers --- IBDV --- soybean isoflavones --- immune function --- viral protein 5 mRNA expression --- ducks --- zinc oxide --- phytase --- growth performance --- zinc utilization --- residual feed consumption --- quail --- high environmental temperature --- intestinal morphology --- duodenum --- intestinal absorption --- broilers feeding --- propolis --- bee pollen --- DHA --- omega-3 --- fatty acids --- enrichment --- selenium sources-levels --- selenium retention --- antioxidant capacity --- frozen meat --- embryonic development --- heat shock proteins --- immunoglobulin --- intracytoplasmic vacuoles --- L-arginine --- amino acids --- dietary supplementation --- humoral immunity --- Moringa oleifera --- laying performance --- health status --- energy requirement --- meat quality --- slow-growing broilers --- nutrient deposition --- xylanase --- arabinofuranosidases --- nutrient utilization --- immunity --- strain --- in ovo injection --- royal jelly --- chicken --- hatchability --- blood --- chitooligosaccharide --- intestinal integrity --- digestive function --- heat stress --- indigenous yellow-feathered breed --- denatonium benzoate --- genistein --- ggTas2Rs --- bitter taste receptors --- licorice --- Glycyrrhiza glabra --- beneficial effects --- pharmaceutical --- health --- turkey --- footpad dermatitis --- charcoal --- crude protein reduced diet --- compensatory growth --- omega-6 --- fatty acid --- nutrition --- performance --- antioxidant --- egg and meat quality --- fertility --- cholesterol --- CuZn-SOD --- HMG-CoA --- HSP70 --- laying hens --- L-Thr --- n/a --- vitamin B12 --- pekin ducks --- weight gain --- feed intake --- feed conversion ratio --- hematological indicator --- antibiotic --- hydrolysable polyphenol --- monoglyceride --- pathogen --- poultry feeding --- antioxidant status --- bamboo leaf extract --- cholesterol metabolism --- apoptosis --- autophagy --- heart --- kidney --- Camelina oil --- Camelina cake --- polyunsaturated fatty acids --- broiler chicken --- threonine --- metabolism --- blood parameter --- polyethylene glycol --- red grape pomace waste --- broiler chickens --- alternative energy source --- soybean lecithin --- phospholipids --- vegetable acid oil --- digestibility balance --- free fatty acids --- triacylglycerols --- mannanoligosaccharide --- oxidative status --- Partridge Shank chickens --- nanoparticles --- chromium --- supplementation --- electrophysiology --- Ussing chamber --- antibiotics --- intestinal health --- probiotics --- methionine --- reduced crude protein --- slaughter characteristics --- medicinal mushrooms --- Allium --- feed additive --- organosulfur compounds --- polyphenols --- levels --- sources --- carcass --- betaine --- Evans blue dye --- physiological responses --- feed additives --- prebiotics --- phytogenics --- organic acids --- anticoccidials --- Clostridium perfringens --- production performance --- essential oils --- housing system --- ISA brown --- production --- egg production --- green tea powder --- huainan partridge chicken --- lipoprotein lipase --- plasma lipid --- cadmium --- clay --- blood biochemical parameters --- multienzymes --- administration method --- enzyme dose --- blood constituents --- blood chemistry --- emulsifiers --- TBARs --- nutrient requirements --- growth indices --- modeling --- Chinese yellow-feathered chickens --- probiotic --- phytobiotic --- alternative ingredients --- lipid peroxidation --- biological nano-curcumin --- diet --- pathogens --- phytobiotics --- green tea --- pomegranate --- drinking water --- antiradical activity --- cecal microbiota --- SNP --- IGF1 --- IGFBP2 --- TGFß3 --- Hubbard F15 --- Cobb E --- meat --- bilberry leaves --- walnut leaves --- digestive enzyme activities --- blood haematology --- serum biochemistry
Choose an application
The aim of this Special Issue is to publish high quality papers concerning poultry nutrition and the interrelations between nutrition, metabolism, microbiota and the health of poultry. Therefore, I invite submissions of recent findings, as original research or reviews, on poultry nutrition, including, but not limited to, the following areas: the effect of feeding on poultry meat end egg quality; nutrient requirements of poultry; the use of functional feed additives to improve gut health and immune status; microbiota; nutraceuticals; soybean meal replacers as alternative sources of protein for poultry; the effects of feeding poultry on environmental impacts; the use of feed/food by-products in poultry diet; and feed technology.
Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- Technology, engineering, agriculture --- Aflatoxin B1 --- Lactobacillus --- anti-fungal --- Aspergillus flavus --- in vitro --- poultry --- chickens --- ascorbic acid --- curcumin --- boric acid --- necrotic enteritis --- Salmonella Enteritidis --- broiler --- growth --- intestinal villi --- Salmonella --- broilers --- IBDV --- soybean isoflavones --- immune function --- viral protein 5 mRNA expression --- ducks --- zinc oxide --- phytase --- growth performance --- zinc utilization --- residual feed consumption --- quail --- high environmental temperature --- intestinal morphology --- duodenum --- intestinal absorption --- broilers feeding --- propolis --- bee pollen --- DHA --- omega-3 --- fatty acids --- enrichment --- selenium sources-levels --- selenium retention --- antioxidant capacity --- frozen meat --- embryonic development --- heat shock proteins --- immunoglobulin --- intracytoplasmic vacuoles --- L-arginine --- amino acids --- dietary supplementation --- humoral immunity --- Moringa oleifera --- laying performance --- health status --- energy requirement --- meat quality --- slow-growing broilers --- nutrient deposition --- xylanase --- arabinofuranosidases --- nutrient utilization --- immunity --- strain --- in ovo injection --- royal jelly --- chicken --- hatchability --- blood --- chitooligosaccharide --- intestinal integrity --- digestive function --- heat stress --- indigenous yellow-feathered breed --- denatonium benzoate --- genistein --- ggTas2Rs --- bitter taste receptors --- licorice --- Glycyrrhiza glabra --- beneficial effects --- pharmaceutical --- health --- turkey --- footpad dermatitis --- charcoal --- crude protein reduced diet --- compensatory growth --- omega-6 --- fatty acid --- nutrition --- performance --- antioxidant --- egg and meat quality --- fertility --- cholesterol --- CuZn-SOD --- HMG-CoA --- HSP70 --- laying hens --- L-Thr --- vitamin B12 --- pekin ducks --- weight gain --- feed intake --- feed conversion ratio --- hematological indicator --- antibiotic --- hydrolysable polyphenol --- monoglyceride --- pathogen --- poultry feeding --- antioxidant status --- bamboo leaf extract --- cholesterol metabolism --- apoptosis --- autophagy --- heart --- kidney --- Camelina oil --- Camelina cake --- polyunsaturated fatty acids --- broiler chicken --- threonine --- metabolism --- blood parameter --- polyethylene glycol --- red grape pomace waste --- broiler chickens --- alternative energy source --- soybean lecithin --- phospholipids --- vegetable acid oil --- digestibility balance --- free fatty acids --- triacylglycerols --- mannanoligosaccharide --- oxidative status --- Partridge Shank chickens --- nanoparticles --- chromium --- supplementation --- electrophysiology --- Ussing chamber --- antibiotics --- intestinal health --- probiotics --- methionine --- reduced crude protein --- slaughter characteristics --- medicinal mushrooms --- Allium --- feed additive --- organosulfur compounds --- polyphenols --- levels --- sources --- carcass --- betaine --- Evans blue dye --- physiological responses --- feed additives --- prebiotics --- phytogenics --- organic acids --- anticoccidials --- Clostridium perfringens --- production performance --- essential oils --- housing system --- ISA brown --- production --- egg production --- green tea powder --- huainan partridge chicken --- lipoprotein lipase --- plasma lipid --- cadmium --- clay --- blood biochemical parameters --- multienzymes --- administration method --- enzyme dose --- blood constituents --- blood chemistry --- emulsifiers --- TBARs --- nutrient requirements --- growth indices --- modeling --- Chinese yellow-feathered chickens --- probiotic --- phytobiotic --- alternative ingredients --- lipid peroxidation --- biological nano-curcumin --- diet --- pathogens --- phytobiotics --- green tea --- pomegranate --- drinking water --- antiradical activity --- cecal microbiota --- SNP --- IGF1 --- IGFBP2 --- TGFß3 --- Hubbard F15 --- Cobb E --- meat --- bilberry leaves --- walnut leaves --- digestive enzyme activities --- blood haematology --- serum biochemistry
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