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This eBook is a collection of articles from a Frontiers Research Topic. Frontiers Research Topics are very popular trademarks of the Frontiers Journals Series: they are collections of at least ten articles, all centered on a particular subject. With their unique mix of varied contributions from Original Research to Review Articles, Frontiers Research Topics unify the most influential researchers, the latest key findings and historical advances in a hot research area! Find out more on how to host your own Frontiers Research Topic or contribute to one as an author by contacting the Frontiers Editorial Office: frontiersin.org/about/contact

Science: general issues --- Physical geography & topography --- processes --- products --- underwater eruptions --- underwater vehicles --- bathymetry --- processes --- products --- underwater eruptions --- underwater vehicles --- bathymetry

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This open access book provides insights into the novel Locally Refined B-spline (LR B-spline) surface format, which is suited for representing terrain and seabed data in a compact way. It provides an alternative to the well know raster and triangulated surface representations. An LR B-spline surface has an overall smooth behavior and allows the modeling of local details with only a limited growth in data volume. In regions where many data points belong to the same smooth area, LR B-splines allow a very lean representation of the shape by locally adapting the resolution of the spline space to the size and local shape variations of the region. The iterative method can be modified to improve the accuracy in particular domains of a point cloud. The use of statistical information criterion can help determining the optimal threshold, the number of iterations to perform as well as some parameters of the underlying mathematical functions (degree of the splines, parameter representation). The resulting surfaces are well suited for analysis and computing secondary information such as contour curves and minimum and maximum points. Also deformation analysis are potential applications of fitting point clouds with LR B-splines.

Information technology: general issues --- Geography --- Numerical analysis --- Mathematical & statistical software --- Surface Modeling --- Optimum Point Cloud Approximation --- Akaike Information Criterion --- LR B-Splines --- Contour Curves Determination --- Deformation Analysis --- Bathymetry data

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River discharge is a fundamental hydrologic quantity that summarizes how a watershed transforms the input of precipitation into output as channelized streamflow. Accurate discharge measurements are critical for a range of applications including water supply, navigation, recreation, management of in-stream habitat, and the prediction and monitoring of floods and droughts. However, the traditional stream gage networks that provide such data are sparse and declining. Remote sensing represents an appealing alternative for obtaining streamflow information. Potential advantages include greater efficiency, expanded coverage, increased measurement frequency, lower cost and reduced risk to field personnel. In addition, remote sensing provides opportunities to examine long river segments with continuous coverage and high spatial resolution. To realize these benefits, research must focus on the remote measurement of flow velocity, channel geometry and their product: river discharge. This Special Issue fostered the development of novel methods for retrieving discharge and its components, and thus stimulated progress toward an operational capacity for streamflow monitoring. The papers herein address all aspects of the remote measurement of streamflow—estimation of flow velocity, bathymetry (water depth), and discharge—from various types of remotely sensed data acquired from a range of platforms: manned and unmanned aircraft, satellites, and ground-based non-contact sensors.

estuary --- morphology --- rapid assessment --- bathymetry --- flow velocity --- salinity --- tool --- remotely-sensed imagery --- small unmanned aerial system (sUAS) --- river flow --- thermal infrared imagery --- particle image velocimetry --- lidar bathymetry --- fluvial --- geomorphology --- change detection --- remotely piloted aircraft system --- refraction correction --- structure-from-motion photogrammetry --- water surface elevation --- topographic error --- machine learning --- UAV LiDAR --- airborne laser bathymetry --- full waveform processing --- performance assessment --- high resolution hydro-mapping --- remote sensing --- rivers --- discharge --- hydrology --- modelling --- ungauged basins --- Alaska --- river --- PIV --- large-scale particle image velocimetry --- LSPIV --- surface velocity --- river discharge --- Doppler radar --- pulsed radar --- probability concept --- water temperature --- salmonids --- Pend Oreille River --- thermal infrared (TIR) --- acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) --- channel bathymetry --- cold-water refuge --- dam --- flooding --- high-water marks (HWMs) --- small unmanned aircraft systems (sUAS) --- drone --- photogrammetry --- hydraulic modeling --- aerial photography --- surveying --- inundation --- Landsat --- streamflow --- flow frequency --- satellite revisit time --- flow regime

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Geo-spatial analysis has become an essential component of hydrological studies to process and examine geo-spatial data such as hydrological variables (e.g., precipitation and discharge) and basin characteristics (e.g., DEM and land use land cover). The advancement of the data acquisition technique helps accumulate geo-spatial data with more extensive spatial coverage than traditional in-situ observations. The development of geo-spatial analytic methods is beneficial for the processing and analysis of multi-source data in a more efficient and reliable way for a variety of research and practical issues in hydrology. This book is a collection of the articles of a published Special Issue Geo-Spatial Analysis in Hydrology in the journal ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information. The topics of the articles range from the improvement of geo-spatial analytic methods to the applications of geo-spatial analysis in emerging hydrological issues. The results of these articles show that traditional hydrological/hydraulic models coupled with geo-spatial techniques are a way to make streamflow simulations more efficient and reliable for flood-related decision making. Geo-spatial analysis based on more advanced methods and data is a reliable resolution to obtain high-resolution information for hydrological studies at fine spatial scale.

Research & information: general --- Geography --- Canadian Hydrographic Service --- Satellite-Derived Bathymetry --- empirical --- classification --- photogrammetry --- level of confidence --- spatio-temporal GIS --- hydrodynamic model --- spatio-temporal computation framework --- flood risk --- 3D simulation --- watershed division --- Sentinel-2A --- Google Earth Engine (GEE) --- Taihu Basin --- hydrology --- plains area --- RapidEye --- water quality --- red edge --- remote sensing --- flash flood --- PCSWMM --- curve number --- rainfall-runoff model --- HEC-RAS --- Pakistan --- crop water requirement --- reflectance-based crop coefficients --- normalized difference vegetation index --- evapotranspiration --- geo-spatial analysis --- scaling issue --- basin characteristic extraction --- hydrological modelling --- Canadian Hydrographic Service --- Satellite-Derived Bathymetry --- empirical --- classification --- photogrammetry --- level of confidence --- spatio-temporal GIS --- hydrodynamic model --- spatio-temporal computation framework --- flood risk --- 3D simulation --- watershed division --- Sentinel-2A --- Google Earth Engine (GEE) --- Taihu Basin --- hydrology --- plains area --- RapidEye --- water quality --- red edge --- remote sensing --- flash flood --- PCSWMM --- curve number --- rainfall-runoff model --- HEC-RAS --- Pakistan --- crop water requirement --- reflectance-based crop coefficients --- normalized difference vegetation index --- evapotranspiration --- geo-spatial analysis --- scaling issue --- basin characteristic extraction --- hydrological modelling

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Geomorphometry is the science of quantitative terrain characterization and analysis, and has traditionally focused on the investigation of terrestrial and planetary landscapes. However, applications of marine geomorphometry have now moved beyond the simple adoption of techniques developed for terrestrial studies, driven by the rise in the acquisition of high-resolution seafloor data and by the availability of user-friendly spatial analytical tools. Considering that the seafloor represents 71% of the surface of our planet, this is an important step towards understanding the Earth in its entirety.This volume is the first one dedicated to marine applications of geomorphometry. It showcases studies addressing the five steps of geomorphometry: sampling a surface (e.g., the seafloor), generating a Digital Terrain Model (DTM) from samples, preprocessing the DTM for subsequent analyses (e.g., correcting for errors and artifacts), deriving terrain attributes and/or extracting terrain features from the DTM, and using and explaining those terrain attributes and features in a given context. Throughout these studies, authors address a range of challenges and issues associated with applying geomorphometric techniques to the complex marine environment, including issues related to spatial scale, data quality, and linking seafloor topography with physical, geological, biological, and ecological processes. As marine geomorphometry becomes increasingly recognized as a sub-discipline of geomorphometry, this volume brings together a collection of research articles that reflect the types of studies that are helping to chart the course for the future of marine geomorphometry.

geomorphology --- simulation --- accuracy --- spatial scale --- marine geomorphology --- surface roughness --- forage fish --- satellite imagery --- thalwegs --- digital elevation models (DEMs) --- Seabed 2030 --- Pacific sand lance --- Acoustic applications --- python --- Nippon Foundation/GEBCO --- Oceanic Shoals Australian Marine Park --- submarine topography --- multi beam echosounder --- sedimentation --- bedforms --- carbonate banks --- polychaete --- cold-water coral --- multiscale --- automated-mapping --- semi-automated mapping --- sediment habitats --- Atlantic Ocean --- Northwestern Australia --- random forest --- benthic habitat mapping --- paleoclimate --- submerged glacial bedforms --- seafloor --- currents --- Cenomanian–Turonian --- Multibeam bathymetry --- geomorphometry --- ArcGIS --- filter --- seabed mapping --- coral reefs --- eastern Brazilian shelf --- digital terrain analysis --- multibeam spatial resolution --- multibeam --- multibeam sonar --- Timor Sea --- seafloor geomorphometry --- shelf-slope-rise --- terrain analysis --- seafloor mapping technologies --- spatial analysis --- Canary Basin --- paleobathymetry --- Bonaparte Basin --- pockmarks --- benthic habitats --- Malin Basin --- geographic object-based image analysis --- seafloor mapping standards and protocols --- GIS --- Bering Sea --- object segmentation --- Barents Sea --- bathymetry --- carbonate mound --- underwater acoustics --- integration artefacts --- multibeam echosounder --- domes --- global bathymetry --- Random Forests --- North Sea --- spatial prediction --- Glaciated Margin --- marine geology --- image segmentation --- shelf morphology --- Alaska --- paleoceanography --- confidence --- swath geometry --- volcanoes --- deglaciation --- Cretaceous --- DEM --- habitat mapping --- marine remote sensing --- reconstruction --- acoustic-seismic profiling --- canyons