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This book was first published in 2005. When an oceanic tidal wave that is primarily active on the water surface passes an ocean shelf or a region with a seamount, it is split into a less energetic surface wave and other internal modes with different wavelengths and propagation speeds. This cascading process, from the barotropic tides to the baroclinic components, leads to the transformation of tidal energy into turbulence and heat, an important process for the dynamics of the lower ocean. Baroclinic Tides demonstrates the analytical and numerical methods used to study the generation and evolution of baroclinic tides and, by comparison with experiments and observational data, shows how to distinguish and interpret internal waves. Strongly non-linear solitary internal waves, which are generated by internal tidal waves at the final stage of their evolution, are investigated in detail. This book is intended for researchers and graduate students of physical oceanography, geophysical fluid dynamics and hydroacoustics.

Baroclinic models. --- Baroclinicity. --- Dynamic meteorology --- Meteorology --- Dynamic climatology --- Baroclinic field --- Baroclinic instability --- Baroclinicity --- Mathematical models.

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Oceanic internal waves (IWs) at frequencies from local inertial (e.g., near-inertial internal waves) to buoyancy frequencies (nonlinear internal waves or internal solitary waves), sometimes including diurnal and semidiurnal tidal frequencies, play an important role in redistributing heat, momentum, materials, and energy via turbulent mixing. IWs are found ubiquitously in many seas, including East Asian marginal seas (Indonesian Seas, South China Sea, East China Sea, Yellow Sea, and East Sea or Japan Sea), significantly affecting underwater acoustics, coastal and offshore engineering, submarine navigation, biological productivity, and the local and global climate. Despite decades of study on the IWs in some regions, our understanding of the IWs in the East Asian marginal seas is still in a primitive state and the mechanisms underlying every stage (generation, propagation, evolution, and dissipation) of IWs are not always clear. This Special Issue includes papers related to all fields of both low- and high-frequency IW studies in the specified region, including remote sensing, in situ observations, theories, and numerical models.

Technology: general issues --- History of engineering & technology --- near-inertial waves --- typhoon Megi --- South China Sea --- hybrid coordinate ocean model reanalysis results --- Luzon Strait --- baroclinic tides --- stratification variability --- MITgcm --- nonlinear internal wave --- propagating speed --- propagating direction --- underway observation --- moored observation --- East China Sea --- internal solitary wave --- shipboard observation --- extreme current velocity --- wave breaking --- trapped core --- near-inertial internal waves --- nonseasonal variability --- mesoscale flow field --- relative vorticity --- Okubo-Weiss parameter --- subsurface mooring --- southwestern East Sea --- Japan Sea --- internal waves --- Hainan Island --- KRI nanggala-402 submarine wreck --- Lombok Strait --- Bali Sea --- internal solitary waves --- remote sensing images --- underwater noise --- flow noise --- vortex-induced vibration --- the South China Sea --- n/a

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Oceanic internal waves (IWs) at frequencies from local inertial (e.g., near-inertial internal waves) to buoyancy frequencies (nonlinear internal waves or internal solitary waves), sometimes including diurnal and semidiurnal tidal frequencies, play an important role in redistributing heat, momentum, materials, and energy via turbulent mixing. IWs are found ubiquitously in many seas, including East Asian marginal seas (Indonesian Seas, South China Sea, East China Sea, Yellow Sea, and East Sea or Japan Sea), significantly affecting underwater acoustics, coastal and offshore engineering, submarine navigation, biological productivity, and the local and global climate. Despite decades of study on the IWs in some regions, our understanding of the IWs in the East Asian marginal seas is still in a primitive state and the mechanisms underlying every stage (generation, propagation, evolution, and dissipation) of IWs are not always clear. This Special Issue includes papers related to all fields of both low- and high-frequency IW studies in the specified region, including remote sensing, in situ observations, theories, and numerical models.

Technology: general issues --- History of engineering & technology --- near-inertial waves --- typhoon Megi --- South China Sea --- hybrid coordinate ocean model reanalysis results --- Luzon Strait --- baroclinic tides --- stratification variability --- MITgcm --- nonlinear internal wave --- propagating speed --- propagating direction --- underway observation --- moored observation --- East China Sea --- internal solitary wave --- shipboard observation --- extreme current velocity --- wave breaking --- trapped core --- near-inertial internal waves --- nonseasonal variability --- mesoscale flow field --- relative vorticity --- Okubo-Weiss parameter --- subsurface mooring --- southwestern East Sea --- Japan Sea --- internal waves --- Hainan Island --- KRI nanggala-402 submarine wreck --- Lombok Strait --- Bali Sea --- internal solitary waves --- remote sensing images --- underwater noise --- flow noise --- vortex-induced vibration --- the South China Sea --- near-inertial waves --- typhoon Megi --- South China Sea --- hybrid coordinate ocean model reanalysis results --- Luzon Strait --- baroclinic tides --- stratification variability --- MITgcm --- nonlinear internal wave --- propagating speed --- propagating direction --- underway observation --- moored observation --- East China Sea --- internal solitary wave --- shipboard observation --- extreme current velocity --- wave breaking --- trapped core --- near-inertial internal waves --- nonseasonal variability --- mesoscale flow field --- relative vorticity --- Okubo-Weiss parameter --- subsurface mooring --- southwestern East Sea --- Japan Sea --- internal waves --- Hainan Island --- KRI nanggala-402 submarine wreck --- Lombok Strait --- Bali Sea --- internal solitary waves --- remote sensing images --- underwater noise --- flow noise --- vortex-induced vibration --- the South China Sea

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This book is a collection of 12 papers describing the role of hydrology in water resources management. The papers can be divided s according to their area of focus as 1) modeling of hydrological processes, 2) use of modern techniques in hydrological analysis, 3) impact of human pressure and climate change on water resources, and 4) hydrometeorological extremes. Belonging to the first area is the presentation of a new Muskingum flood routing model, a new tool to perform frequency analysis of maximum precipitation of a specified duration via the so-named PMAXΤP model (Precipitation MAXimum Time (duration) Probability), modeling of interception processes, and using a rainfall-runoff GR2M model to calculate monthly runoff. For the second area, the groundwater potential was evaluated using a model of multi-influencing factors in which the parameters were optimized by using geoprocessing tools in geographical information system (GIS) in combination with satellite altimeter data and the reanalysis of hydrological data to simulate overflow transport using the Nordic Sea as an example. Presented for the third area are a water balance model for the comparison of water resources with the needs of water users, the idea of adaptive water management, impacts of climate change, and anthropogenic activities on the runoff in catchment located in the western Himalayas of Pakistan. The last area includes spatiotemporal analysis of rainfall variability with regard to drought hazard and use of the copula function to meteorologically analyze drought.

GR2M --- inverse distance weighting --- rainfall-runoff model --- sensitivity analysis --- multi-influencing factors (MIF) --- vertical electrical sounding (VES) --- electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) --- groundwater resource management (GRM) --- hydro-stratigraphy --- well logs --- precipitation --- climate change --- Sen’s estimator --- Mann-Kendall --- Wadi Cheliff basin --- upper Minjiang River --- marginal distribution --- copula --- bivariate joint distribution --- return period --- rainfall partitioning --- dry tropical forest --- gash model --- interception modelling --- Nordic Sea --- overflow flux --- barotropic pressure --- baroclinic pressure --- annual maximum precipitation --- peaks-over-threshold methods --- statistical analysis --- maximum precipitation frequency analysis --- gamma --- Weibull --- log-gamma --- log-normal --- Gumbel distributions --- nonparametric tests --- drought --- trends --- SPI --- mina basin --- Algeria --- Kunhar River Basin --- streamflow --- trend analysis --- Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) --- anthropogenic impacts --- hydrologic flood routing --- Muskingum flood routing model --- meta-heuristic optimization --- self-adaptive vision correction algorithm --- Adaptive Water Management --- stakeholder engagement --- legislation --- survey --- uncertainty in water management --- water requirements of aquatic and water dependent ecosystems --- water resources allocation --- water balance model

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The 15th Estuarine and Coastal Modeling Conference provides a venue for commercial, academic, and government scientists and engineers from around the world to present and discuss the latest results and techniques in applied estuarine and coastal modeling. Prospective authors are invited to submit papers on a wide range of topic areas, including:• Pollutant Transport and Water Quality Prediction• Coastal Response to Climate Change• Modeling Techniques and Sensitivity Studies• Model Assessment• Modeling Specific Estuarine and Coastal Systems• Visualization and Analysis• Wave and Sediment Transport Modeling• Modeling of Chemicals and Floatables• Oil Spill Transport and Fate Modeling• Inverse Methods• Circulation Modeling• Facility Siting and CSO Studies• Data Assimilation• Nowcast/Forecast Modeling Systems• Modeling Systems with Strong Buoyancy Forcing• Modeling of Coupled Systems• Risk Analysis (Nuclear Reactors, Flood Forecasting)

water level --- stratification --- Chatham Sound --- wave hindcast --- water level time series --- marine construction --- storm surge --- VDatum --- NARR --- estuarine modeling --- ecosystem simulation --- CFSR --- Sandusky Bay --- hydrodynamic modeling --- river discharge --- tidal datums --- British Columbia --- geospatial data visualization --- ocean modeling --- operational forecast --- numerical model --- initial dilution zone --- Puget Sound --- anthropogenic impact --- Finite Volume Community Ocean Model --- Salish Sea --- hydrodynamic numerical model --- compound events --- sea level rise --- marine --- Finite-Volume Community Ocean Model (FVCOM) --- CE-QUAL-W2 --- CICE --- temperature --- barotropic --- statistical interpolation --- unstructured grid --- wind-driven current --- Salish Sea model --- wave energy --- ADCIRC --- sediment transport --- breakwater --- biophysical modeling --- model calibration --- harbor --- Great Lakes --- multi-level nested-grid modeling --- property-carrying particle model --- spatially varying uncertainty (SVU) --- FVCOM --- phytoplankton --- MIKE21SW --- baroclinic --- tidal currents --- climate change --- operational nowcast and forecast system --- tidal constituent database --- spatially varying uncertainty --- momentum balance --- coastal ocean modeling --- eutrophication --- Hood Canal --- flooding --- coupled models --- environmental assessment --- water quality --- nearshore restoration --- SWAN --- Texas --- H3D --- coastal storm --- floating bridge --- wind forcing --- tidal current --- lateral circulation --- zone of influence --- ADvanced CIRCulation model (ADCIRC) --- non-tidal zones --- agriculture --- sediment model --- short-lived radioisotopes --- coastal and estuarine modeling --- Eastern North Pacific Ocean (ENPAC) --- Gulf of Mexico --- cloud computing --- feasibility assessments --- internal tides --- ice modeling --- salinity --- north-east Gulf of Mexico --- data analysis --- Brown Passage --- WaveWatch III --- marine grid population --- channel deepening --- hydrodynamics --- large-wave hindcast --- western Louisiana --- tides --- estuary --- algal growth kinetics --- circulation --- salt wedge