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Germany's public savings banks 'Sparkassen' are a remarkable and puzzling phenomena. No other advanced industrial country relies as heavily on such small, public financial institutions to fuel its economy and how is it that such small institutions can drive one of the biggest and most successful economies in the world?
In theory, their diminutive size should hinder their ability to function in an environment where they compete with the capital and muscle of major international banks. Yet at the height of the financial crisis, when other banks drastically reduced lending, new loans made by Sparkassen increased as they continued to provide liquidity and lend to start-up firms. How have they managed to survive the economic turmoil and global pressures of the last few decades? What has enabled them to stay at the heart of the German economy? In a period of neoliberal 'too-big-to-fail' thinking, how have these relics of an ordoliberal past managed to flourish?
Mark Cassell answers these and many other questions in his exploration of the unique entity that is Germany's public savings bank system and the lessons it offers to banking systems worldwide.
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Mit Eintreten der internationalen Wirtschaftskrise im Jahr 2007 wurden schnell Stimmen laut, die eine Abtrennung der als gefährlich empfundenen peripheren Geschäftsbereiche der Banken, von ihrem klassischen Kerngeschäft forderten. In den USA, Großbritannien und Deutschland wurden im Zusammenhang mit der Krise regulatorische Maßnahmen ergriffen, die eine erhöhte Stabilität der Finanzsysteme zum Ziel hatten.Die vorliegende Studie untersucht daher zunächst die institutionelle Ausgestaltung von Bankensystemen im Allgemeinen. Die Frage lautet, ob aus einer intra-organisationellen Trennung der Gesch
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Savings-banks --- Savings-banks --- Savings-banks
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General guidelines toward the preparations of a functional specification of transmission fixed-series capacitor (FSC) banks using overvoltage protection based on three technologies are provided. The three technologies are:- metal oxide varistors-metal oxide varistors with a forced-triggered bypass gaps, and thyristor protected series capacitors- thyristor protected series capacitor. This guide does not apply comprehensively to thyristor-controlled series capacitors.
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Superseded by 18-2002. Capacitors rated 216 V or higher, 2.5 kvar or more, and designed for shunt connection to alternating-current transmission and distribution systems operating at a nominal frequency of 50 or 60 Hz are considered. Service conditions, ratings, manufacturing, and testing are covered. A guide to application and operation of power capacitors is included.
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Capacitors rated 216 V or higher, 2.5 kvar or more, and designed for shunt connection toalternating-current transmission and distribution systems operating at a nominal frequency of 50 Hzor 60 Hz, within the guidelines of IEEE Std 1036-1992, are considered.
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The protection of shunt power capacitor banks and filter capacitor banks are discussed in this guide. The guidelines for reliable application of protection methods intended for use in many shunt capacitor bank designs are included. Also, a detailed explanation of the theory of unbalance protection principles is provided. Discussions on the protection of pole-mounted capacitor banks on distribution circuits or capacitors connected to the terminals of rotating machines are not included as they are outside the scope of this standard. Keywords: bank configuration, externally fused, filter bank, fuseless, IEEE C37.99, internally fused, overcurrent, overvoltage, relay, shunt capacitor bank, unbalance protection.
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