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The objective of this paper is to describe the evolution, composition, and determinants of financing to the nonfinancial private sector in Mexico between 2000 and 2005. Supported by the macroeconomic environment and financial system reforms, total financing to the private sector (particularly consumer credit) increased relative to GDP, while accessibility and affordability generally improved. Equity issuance did not play an important role during the period under consideration. Although the supply of financing shifted toward domestic nonbank providers, commercial banks remain the primary source of funding. Significant progress was made in cleaning up bank loan portfolios and in strengthening financial system soundness and infrastructure. The prospects for continued private sector financing growth remain very positive, but financing is not spread out evenly across all market segments. The authors conclude with some policy implications to further facilitate deeper and broader financing of the private sector.

Access to Finance --- Accessibility --- Affordability --- Bank loan --- Bankruptcy and Resolution of Financial Distress --- Banks and Banking Reform --- Commercial banks --- Consumer credit --- Debt --- Debt Markets --- Emerging Markets --- Finance and Financial Sector Development --- Financial system --- Loan portfolios --- Private Sector Development --- Private sector financing --- Supply of financing

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In April 2014, the Government of Benin launched the entreprenant status, a simplified and free legal regime offered to small informal businesses to enter the formal economy. This paper presents the short-term results of a randomized impact evaluation testing three different versions of the entreprenant status on business registration decisions, each version including incremental incentives to registration: (i) information on the new legal status and its benefits, (ii) business training, counseling services, and support to open a bank account, (iii) tax mediation services. The study included 3,600 informal businesses operating with a fixed location in Cotonou, Benin, which were randomly allocated between three treatment groups and one control group. One year after the program launch, all versions of the program had significant impact on formalization rates. The impact was 9.1 percentage points in the first treatment group; 13 percentage points in the second group; and 15.8 percentage points in the last group. The program had a higher impact on male business owners, with more education, operating outside Dantokpa Market, in sectors other than trade, and that before being offered the incentives to formalization had characteristics similar to businesses that were already formal. Data from a second follow-up survey, which is expected to take place in March 2016, will explore the impacts on other outcomes, like business performances or access to banking.

Access to bank --- Account --- Accounting --- Administration --- Administrative process --- Advertising --- Artisans --- Bank account --- Bank financing --- Bank loan --- Banking system --- Beneficiaries --- Bookkeeping --- Budget --- Business --- Business activity --- Business entry --- Business environment --- Business facilitation --- Business in development --- Business management --- Business performance --- Business plan --- Business registration --- Business regulation --- Business services --- Business training --- Cash transfers --- Certificate --- Chamber of commerce --- Check --- Collateral --- Commerce --- Commercial bank --- Commercial law --- Communication --- Competitiveness --- Competitiveness and competition policy --- Contact information --- Contract --- Cost --- Customers --- Data --- Database --- Debit card --- Debt markets --- Deposit --- Developing countries --- Direct costs --- Dummy variable --- E-business --- Economic activity --- Electricity --- Enabling environment --- Enterprise development --- Exchange --- Finance --- Finance and financial sector development --- Financial products --- Financial statements --- Firm performance --- Future --- Good --- Human capital --- ID --- Impact evaluation --- Impacts --- Implementation --- Implementing agencies --- Information --- Information banks --- Information services --- Inspection --- Institution --- International bank --- International development --- International finance --- Legal environment --- Levy --- Liability --- License --- Limited liability --- Link --- Loan --- Market --- Medium enterprises --- Microenterprises --- Mobile phone --- Monitoring --- Network --- New markets --- One-stop shop --- Open access --- Option --- Ownership --- Performance --- Phone --- Phone number --- Private sector development --- Productivity --- Profit --- Protocol --- Quality --- Quality of services --- Registration process --- Registration system --- Result --- Returns --- Sales --- Selling --- Share --- Small business --- Tax --- Tax exemption --- Tax forms --- Tax obligations --- Tax rate --- Tax regime --- Tax system --- Technical assistance --- Trade sector --- Trading --- Transparency --- Turnover --- Unfair competition --- Uses --- Web

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In April 2014, the Government of Benin launched the entreprenant status, a simplified and free legal regime offered to small informal businesses to enter the formal economy. This paper presents the short-term results of a randomized impact evaluation testing three different versions of the entreprenant status on business registration decisions, each version including incremental incentives to registration: (i) information on the new legal status and its benefits, (ii) business training, counseling services, and support to open a bank account, (iii) tax mediation services. The study included 3,600 informal businesses operating with a fixed location in Cotonou, Benin, which were randomly allocated between three treatment groups and one control group. One year after the program launch, all versions of the program had significant impact on formalization rates. The impact was 9.1 percentage points in the first treatment group; 13 percentage points in the second group; and 15.8 percentage points in the last group. The program had a higher impact on male business owners, with more education, operating outside Dantokpa Market, in sectors other than trade, and that before being offered the incentives to formalization had characteristics similar to businesses that were already formal. Data from a second follow-up survey, which is expected to take place in March 2016, will explore the impacts on other outcomes, like business performances or access to banking.

Access to bank --- Account --- Accounting --- Administration --- Administrative process --- Advertising --- Artisans --- Bank account --- Bank financing --- Bank loan --- Banking system --- Beneficiaries --- Bookkeeping --- Budget --- Business --- Business activity --- Business entry --- Business environment --- Business facilitation --- Business in development --- Business management --- Business performance --- Business plan --- Business registration --- Business regulation --- Business services --- Business training --- Cash transfers --- Certificate --- Chamber of commerce --- Check --- Collateral --- Commerce --- Commercial bank --- Commercial law --- Communication --- Competitiveness --- Competitiveness and competition policy --- Contact information --- Contract --- Cost --- Customers --- Data --- Database --- Debit card --- Debt markets --- Deposit --- Developing countries --- Direct costs --- Dummy variable --- E-business --- Economic activity --- Electricity --- Enabling environment --- Enterprise development --- Exchange --- Finance --- Finance and financial sector development --- Financial products --- Financial statements --- Firm performance --- Future --- Good --- Human capital --- ID --- Impact evaluation --- Impacts --- Implementation --- Implementing agencies --- Information --- Information banks --- Information services --- Inspection --- Institution --- International bank --- International development --- International finance --- Legal environment --- Levy --- Liability --- License --- Limited liability --- Link --- Loan --- Market --- Medium enterprises --- Microenterprises --- Mobile phone --- Monitoring --- Network --- New markets --- One-stop shop --- Open access --- Option --- Ownership --- Performance --- Phone --- Phone number --- Private sector development --- Productivity --- Profit --- Protocol --- Quality --- Quality of services --- Registration process --- Registration system --- Result --- Returns --- Sales --- Selling --- Share --- Small business --- Tax --- Tax exemption --- Tax forms --- Tax obligations --- Tax rate --- Tax regime --- Tax system --- Technical assistance --- Trade sector --- Trading --- Transparency --- Turnover --- Unfair competition --- Uses --- Web

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Growing research and policy interest focuses on the misallocation of output and factors of production in developing economies. This paper considers the possible misallocation of financial loans. Using plant-level data on the organized and unorganized sectors, the paper describes the temporal, geographic, and industry distributions of financial loans. The focus of the analysis is the hypothesis that land misallocation might be an important determinant of financial misallocation (for example, because of the role of land as collateral against loans). Using district-industry variations, the analysis finds evidence to support this hypothesis, although it does not find a total reduction in the intensity of financial loans or those being given to new entrants. The analysis also considers differences by gender of business owners and workers in firms. Although potential early gaps for businesses with substantial female employment have disappeared in the organized sector, a sizeable and persistent gap remains in the unorganized sector.

Access to banking --- Access to credit --- Access to external finance --- Access to finance --- Access to financial services --- Access to formal credit --- Access to formal finance --- Access to loans --- Asymmetric information --- Bank branches --- Bank credit --- Bank financing --- Bank loan --- Bank loans --- Banking --- Banking services --- Banks --- Banks and banking reform --- Biases --- Borrower --- Borrowers --- Borrowing --- Business owners --- Business plans --- Capital --- Co-operative banks --- Collateral --- Collateral requirements --- Collateral support --- Commercial banks --- Cost of capital --- Credit --- Credit bureaus --- Credit information --- Credit market --- Credit markets --- Credit policy --- Credit registries --- Credit risk --- Credit support --- Credit-worthiness --- Creditworthiness --- Debt collectors --- Debt markets --- Directed credit --- Disparities in access --- Econometrics --- Economic activity --- Economic growth --- Economic policy --- Economics --- Employment --- Enterprise --- Enterprise development --- Entrepreneur --- Entrepreneurs --- Entrepreneurship --- Equity --- Exclusion --- External finance --- External financing --- Finance and financial sector development --- Financial access --- Financial deepening --- Financial depth --- Financial development --- Financial institutions --- Financial integration --- Financial markets --- Financial sector --- Financial sector development --- Financial services --- Financial strength --- Financing --- Fixed assets --- Formal credit --- Formal finance --- Gender --- Gender inequality --- Government policy --- Governments --- Guarantee --- Households --- Housing --- Human capital --- Inequality --- Information sharing --- Infrastructure --- Intangible assets --- Interest expense --- Interest payment --- Interest rate --- Investment --- Issue of access --- Job creation --- Labor --- Labor market --- Labor markets --- Lack of collateral --- Land markets --- Lenders --- Lending --- Liberalization --- Loan --- Loan access --- Loan demand --- Loans --- Macroeconomics --- Marginal revenue --- Market value --- Markets --- Micro enterprises --- Micro-credit --- Micro-enterprises --- Micro-entrepreneurs --- Micro-finance --- Micro-finance institutions --- Microfinance --- Monetary policy --- Money lenders --- Net value --- Outreach --- Outstanding loan --- Outstanding loans --- Overdraft --- Personal assets --- Private enterprise --- Private enterprises --- Profitability --- Property --- Real estate --- Repossession --- Reserve bank of india --- Resource allocation --- Revenue --- Risk --- Risk perception --- Rural bank --- Rural bank branches --- Services --- Sizes of loan --- Small business --- Small business owners --- Small businesses --- Strategies --- Tangible assets --- Taxes --- Trade credit --- Trade credits --- Transport --- Union --- Urban areas --- Value --- Villages --- Water & industry --- Water resources --- Water supply --- Working capital

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HYPOTHECAIR KREDIET & Algemeen kader wet op het hypothecair krediet wet d.d. 04.08.92 w.04.08.92 toepassingsgebied wet consumentenkrediet wet d.d. 12.06.91 & De verschillende formules en de kosten van het krediet lening kredietopening terugbetaling kapitaal omgekeerd woonkrediet reverse mortgage opeethypotheek kosten en vergoedingen & Kredietpromotie en de totstandkoming van de kredietovereenkomst publiciteit kredietpromotie kredietovereenkomst op afstand bemiddeling informatieplicht en raadgevingsplicht lener bank notaris koppelverkoop gezamenlijk aanbod en aangehechte contracten brandverzekeringschuldsaldoverzekering & Uitvoering - niet-uitvoering van de kredietovereenkomst onrechtmatig beding niet - uitvoering preventie en tussenkomst wederbeleggingsvergoeding & Zekerheden ( zekerheid waarborg garantie ) hoofdelijkheid borgtocht delegatie exceptie (s) kosteloze borgtocht hypotheek loonoverdracht hypotheek voor alle sommen ( onherroepelijk ) hypothecair mandaat mobilisering hypothecaire schuldvordering & Ruimere aspecten Centrale voor Kredieten aan Particulieren Kredietcentrale kredietrapportering in Europa fiscale aspecten ( fiscus ) aspecten van familiaal vermogensrecht huwelijksgoederenrecht schenking onbeslagbaarheid hoofdverblijfplaats zelfstandige collectieve schuldenregeling & Grensoverschrijdende aspecten

Private finance --- Law of real property --- Financial law --- zakenrecht --- hypothecaire kredieten --- Belgium --- Academic collection --- BE / Belgium - België - Belgique --- 333.733 --- 333.133 --- 347.27 --- BPB1011 --- Crédit immobilier --- Prêt --- 347.735 <493> --- credits --- emprunts hypothecaires --- 347.735 <493> Kredieten. Waardepapieren--België --- Kredieten. Waardepapieren--België --- Krediet op grond en onroerende goederen --- Hypotheekbanken --- Hypotheken. Onderpanden. Zakelijke zekerheid. Grondschuld --- Krediet op onroerende goederen --- Lening --- kredieten --- hypothecaire leningen --- Mortgage loans --- Prêts hypothécaires --- Law and legislation --- European Union countries --- Ebooks --- BE / Belgium - België - Belgique --- Crédit immobilier --- Prêt --- Kredieten. Waardepapieren--België --- iasacht --- pôžička --- empréstimo concedido --- zajam --- préstamo --- erogazione di prestito --- udlån --- půjčka --- aizdevums --- selfa --- paskola --- împrumut --- зајам --- posojilo --- laina --- hua --- δανειοδότηση --- заем --- pożyczka --- Darlehen --- loan --- utlåning --- laen --- lening --- kölcsön --- beviljande av lån --- banková pôžička --- банкарска позајмица --- concessão de empréstimo --- bankovní půjčka --- împrumut bancar --- bankkölcsön --- concesión de préstamo --- verstrekking van een lening --- τραπεζικό δάνειο --- Gewährung eines Darlehens --- pankkilaina --- octroi de prêt --- empréstimo bancário --- prêt bancaire --- kölcsönnyújtás --- pozajmica --- banki kölcsön --- pangalaen --- bank loan --- banklån --- χορήγηση δανείου --- concessione di prestito --- hua bankare --- позајмица --- mutuo --- banko paskola --- bevilling af lån --- заем од банка --- bankas aizdevums --- fido bancario --- nekustamā īpašuma aizdevums --- crédito inmobiliario --- nepremičninski kredit --- ingatlanhitel --- kredi për prona të paluajtshme --- nekilnojamojo turto paskola --- Realkredit --- self għal dar --- hypotekárny úver --- hypotekární úvěr --- кредит за некретнине --- credito immobiliare --- krediet op onroerende goederen --- kinnisvaralaen --- кредит за купување недвижности --- кредит за недвижимо имущество --- κτηματική πίστη --- kiinteistöluotto --- credit imobiliar --- realkredit --- crédito imobiliário --- kredit za kupnju nekretnina --- real estate credit --- kredyt mieszkaniowy --- pożyczka mieszkaniowa --- hypoteční půjčka --- pozemkový úver --- hipotekarni kredit --- lån i fast ejendom --- crédito hipotecario --- byggelån --- nekilnojamojo turto kreditas --- jelzáloghitel --- hypotekárna pôžička --- hypotekskredit --- hypoteční úvěr --- έγγειος πίστη --- ehituslaen --- Bodenkredit --- hua hipotekare --- crédito hipotecário --- Immobiliardarlehen --- hipotekārais aizdevums --- statybos paskola --- aizdevums celtniecībai --- empréstimo imobiliário --- hypotekslån --- credito ipotecario --- hipotekarni zajam --- ενυπόθηκη πίστη --- hipotekos paskola --- mutuo costruzione --- mortgage loan --- hypoteekkilaina --- Immobiliarkredit --- empréstimo à construção civil --- zajam za nekretnine --- loan on real estate --- kiinnelaina --- crédito a la construcción --- prêt à la construction --- préstamo hipotecario --- Baudarlehen --- építési hitel --- rakennuslaina --- hipotekārais kredīts --- στεγαστικό δάνειο --- kiinnitysluotto --- realkreditlån --- hua për prona të paluajtshme --- byggnadslån --- станбен кредит --- crédito predial --- préstamo para la construcción --- housing loan --- заем за строителство --- building loan --- pozemkový úvěr --- stavebná pôžička --- prestito immobiliare --- хипотекарни кредит --- credito fondiario --- kredyt na cele mieszkaniowe --- Hypothekardarlehen --- stambeni kredit --- хипотекарен кредит --- заем за закупуване на недвижим имот --- fastighetslån --- posojilo za gradnjo --- posojilo za nepremičnino --- ипотечен кредит --- bouwlening --- hua për ndërtim --- hüpoteeklaen --- Bauspardarlehen --- credit ipotecar --- aizdevums nekustamā īpašuma iegādei --- кредит за грађевинске послове --- Hypothekarkredit --- grondkrediet --- prêt immobilier --- кредит за закупуване на недвижим имот --- hua për strehim --- crédit hypothécaire --- стамбени кредит --- кредит за пословање с некретнинама --- crédit foncier --- kredyt hipoteczny --- stavební úvěr --- stanovanjski kredit --- jelzálogkölcsön --- δάνειο για την αγορά ακινήτου --- úvěr na bydlení --- E-books --- creidmheas urraithe --- Belgique --- Droit civil --- Contrats --- Prêts --- Prêts hypothécaires