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A field experiment in rural Liberia is used to study democratic participation in fragile states. Fragile states are marked by political fragmentation, local patronage systems, and voter vulnerability. To understand the effects of such conditions on democratic expression through elections, the experiment introduced new forms of interaction between rural citizens and third-party actors: (i) civic education and town hall workshops directed by non-governmental organizations in communities over nine months and (ii) security committees that brought rural community representatives into monthly exchange with United Nations peacekeepers. Civic education workshops increased enthusiasm for electoral participation, produced a coordinated shift from parochial to national candidates, and increased willingness to report on manipulation. A program combining the two interactions had similar effects. The security committees had negligible effects. Barriers to political information and voter coordination appear to be important but resolvable problems for elections in fragile states.

Access to information --- Accounting --- Allegiance --- Anarchy --- Attrition --- Ballot box --- Banking --- Candidates --- Channels of communication --- Citizen access --- Civic education --- Civics --- Civil society --- Collective action --- Committees --- Community members --- Constituencies --- Constituent --- Constituents --- Crises --- Democracies --- Democracy --- Development economics --- Dictatorial regimes --- E-Government --- Economic conditions --- Economics --- Educational attainment --- Effects --- Election --- Election outcome --- Elections --- Electoral choices --- Electoral information --- Electoral participation --- Electoral systems --- Factions --- Forms of participation --- Free press --- Freedom --- Freedoms --- Governance --- Government --- Governments --- Incentives --- Income --- Information --- Innovations --- International peace --- Labor policies --- Law --- Liberty --- Literacy rates --- Loyalty --- Mobile phone --- Monitoring --- Monopolies --- Motivation --- Nation --- National elections --- Ordinary citizens --- Organizations --- Outcomes --- Parliamentary government --- Participants --- Participation --- Participation variables --- Party members --- Patronage --- Peace --- Pluralism --- Policies --- Policy issues --- Political authority --- Political behavior --- Political change --- Political culture --- Political democracy --- Political discussion --- Political economy --- Political information --- Political landscape --- Political leaders --- Political participation --- Political pluralism --- Political rights --- Political science --- Politicians --- Politics --- Politics and government --- Queen --- Representatives --- Rights --- Security --- Social protections and labor --- Terrorism --- Theory --- Training --- United Nations --- Value --- Vote choice --- Voter participation --- Voter turnout --- Voting --- Voting rights

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Lisbon rising explores the role of a widespread urban social movement in the revolutionary process that accompanied Portugal's transition from authoritarianism to democracy. It is the first in-depth study of the widest urban movement of the European post-war period, an event that shook the balance of Cold War politics by threatening the possibility of revolution in Western Europe. Using hitherto unknown sources produced by movement organisations themselves, it challenges long-established views of civil society in Southern Europe as weak, arguing that popular movements had an important and auto

HISTORY / Europe / Spain & Portugal --- Social movements. --- Democratization. --- POLITICAL SCIENCE --- Democratization --- Social movements --- Movements, Social --- Social history --- Social psychology --- Democratic consolidation --- Democratic transition --- Political science --- New democracies --- Administration --- Civil government --- Commonwealth, The --- Government --- Political theory --- Political thought --- Politics --- Science, Political --- Social sciences --- State, The --- Political Ideologies --- Communism, Post-Communism & Socialism. --- History --- Portugal --- Portugal. --- al-Burtughāl --- al-Jumhūrīyah al-Burtughālīyah --- Burtughāl --- Jumhūrī-i Purtughāl --- Jumhūrīyah al-Burtughālīyah --- Lusitania (Portugal) --- Portekiz --- Portekiz Cumhuriyeti --- Portogalia --- Portogallo --- Portugál Köztársaság --- Portugali --- Portugalia --- Portugalii︠a︡ --- Portugalská republika --- Portugalʹskai︠a︡ Respublika --- Portugalsko --- Portugiesische Republik --- Portuguese Republic --- Porutogaru --- Porutogaru Kyōwakoku --- P'orŭt'ugal --- P'orŭt'ugal Konghwaguk --- Purtughāl --- Putaoya --- Putaoya Gongheguo --- Repubblica Portoghese --- Republica Portugheză --- República Portuguesa --- Republika Portugalska --- République portugaise --- Sefarad --- Португальская Республика --- Португалия --- פורטוגל --- البرتغال --- الجمهورية البرتغالية --- برتغال --- جمهوري پرتغال --- جمهورية البرتغالية --- پرتغال --- ポルトガル --- ポルトガル共和国 --- 葡萄牙 --- 葡萄牙共和国 --- 포르투갈 --- 포르투갈공화국 --- Portugalii͡ --- Portugalʹskai͡a Respublika --- Republica Portughez --- Carnation Revolution. --- Cold War politics. --- European post-war period. --- European twentieth century. --- Lisbon urban social movement. --- Popular Democratic Party. --- Portuguese Revolution. --- Socialist Party. --- ballot box. --- civilian parties. --- electoral legitimacy. --- imminent coups. --- liberal democracy. --- liberalisation. --- popular collective actors. --- popular mobilisation. --- popular movement. --- revolutionary legitimacy. --- urban citizenship.

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"What happens when manhood suffrage, a radically egalitarian institution, gets introduced into a deeply hierarchical society? In her sweeping history of Imperial Germany's electoral culture, Anderson shows how the sudden opportunity to "practice" democracy in 1867 opened up a free space in the land of Kaisers, generals, and Junkers. Originally designed to make voters susceptible to manipulation by the authorities, the suffrage's unintended consequence was to enmesh its participants in ever more democratic procedures and practices. The result was the growth of an increasingly democratic culture in the decades before 1914. Explicit comparisons with Britain, France, and America give us a vivid picture of the coercive pressures--from employers, clergy, and communities--that German voters faced, but also of the legalistic culture that shielded them from the fraud, bribery, and violence so characteristic of other early "franchise regimes." We emerge with a new sense that Germans were in no way less modern in the practice of democratic politics. Anderson, in fact, argues convincingly against the widely accepted notion that it was pre-war Germany's lack of democratic values and experience that ultimately led to Weimar's failure and the Third Reich. Practicing Democracy is a surprising reinterpretation of nineteenth- and early twentieth-century Germany and will engage historians concerned with the question of Germany's "special path" to modernity; sociologists interested in obedience, popular mobilization, and civil society; political scientists debating the relative role of institutions versus culture in the transition to democracy. By showing how political activity shaped and was shaped by the experiences of ordinary men and women, it conveys the excitement of democratic politics"--

Authoritarianism --- Democracy --- Elections --- Electoral politics --- Franchise --- Polls --- Political science --- Politics, Practical --- Plebiscite --- Political campaigns --- Representative government and representation --- Self-government --- Equality --- Republics --- Authority --- History --- Germany --- Politics and government --- History of Germany and Austria --- anno 1800-1899 --- anno 1910-1919 --- Elections. --- Democracy. --- Authoritarianism. --- Germany. --- Activism. --- Alsace-Lorraine. --- Amendment. --- Antisemitism. --- Backwardness. --- Ballot box. --- Ballot. --- Bribery. --- Bureaucrat. --- By-election. --- Calculation. --- Chairman. --- Civil service. --- Class conflict. --- Clergy. --- Comrade. --- Conservative Party (UK). --- Criticism. --- Deliberation. --- Democratization. --- East Prussia. --- Election commission. --- Election law. --- Election. --- Electoral district. --- Electoral fraud. --- Embarrassment. --- Employment. --- Federal republic. --- Fraud. --- Friedrich Naumann. --- Germans. --- Gerrymandering. --- Hostility. --- Ideology. --- Imperial Government. --- Imperial election. --- Incumbent. --- Injunction. --- Institution. --- Intimidation. --- Journeyman. --- Kulturkampf. --- Laborer. --- Landtag. --- Legislation. --- Legislator. --- Legislature. --- Local government. --- Loyalty. --- Mittelstand. --- Multi-party system. --- Newspaper. --- Ostracism. --- Otto von Bismarck. --- Party system. --- Political Catholicism. --- Political campaign. --- Political culture. --- Political party. --- Political science. --- Political spectrum. --- Politician. --- Politics. --- Polling place. --- Poor relief. --- Precinct. --- Prerogative. --- Proclamation. --- Proportional representation. --- Protest. --- Protestantism. --- Provision (contracting). --- Prussia. --- Public administration. --- Radicalism (historical). --- Regime. --- Requirement. --- Resignation. --- Robert von Puttkamer. --- Secret ballot. --- Simplicissimus. --- Skepticism. --- Social democracy. --- Socialist law. --- Society of Jesus. --- Suffrage. --- Supporter. --- Tariff. --- Tax. --- The Other Hand. --- Trade union. --- Uncertainty. --- Universal suffrage. --- Upper Silesia. --- Voting. --- Weimar Republic. --- West Prussia. --- Workplace. --- Alemania --- Ashkenaz --- BRD --- Bu̇gd Naĭramdakh German Uls --- Bundesrepublik Deutschland --- Deguo --- 德国 --- Deutsches Reich --- Deutschland --- Doitsu --- Doitsu Renpō Kyōwakoku --- Federal Republic of Germany --- Federalʹna Respublika Nimechchyny --- FRN --- Gėrman --- German Uls --- Герман Улс --- Germania --- Germanii︠a︡ --- Germanyah --- Gjermani --- Grossdeutsches Reich --- Jirmānīya --- KhBNGU --- Kholboony Bu̇gd Naĭramdakh German Uls --- Nimechchyna --- Repoblika Federalin'i Alemana --- República de Alemania --- República Federal de Alemania --- Republika Federal Alemmana --- Vācijā --- Veĭmarskai︠a︡ Respublika --- Weimar Republic --- Weimarer Republik --- ХБНГУ --- Германия --- جرمانيا --- ドイツ --- ドイツ連邦共和国 --- ドイツ レンポウ キョウワコク --- Germany (East) --- Germany (Territory under Allied occupation, 1945-1955) --- Germany (Territory under Allied occupation, 1945-1955 : British Zone) --- Germany (Territory under Allied occupation, 1945-1955 : French Zone) --- Germany (Territory under Allied occupation, 1945-1955 : Russian Zone) --- Germany (Territory under Allied occupation, 1945-1955 : U.S. Zone) --- Germany (West) --- Holy Roman Empire --- Europe