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General biochemistry --- General microbiology --- Bacteriorhodopsin --- Energy metabolism --- Halobacterium --- Halophilic microorganisms --- Microbial enzymes --- Salt --- -Micro-organisms, Halophilic --- Halophilic organisms --- Microorganisms --- Salt bacteria --- Aerobic bacteria --- Archaebacteria --- Gram-negative bacteria --- Bioenergetics --- Metabolism --- Microbial respiration --- Bacterial purple pigment --- Purple pigment, Bacterial --- Bacterial pigments --- Bacterial proteins --- Retinal (Visual pigment) --- Brine --- Halite --- Sodium chloride --- Table salt --- Chlorides --- Halide minerals --- Sodium salts --- Enzymes --- Microbiological chemistry --- Physiological effect --- Bacteriology --- -Physiological effect --- Micro-organisms, Halophilic

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This book focuses on the study of how the properties of nanodiscs, such as lipid composition and size, influence the function of the embedding integral membrane protein, bacteriorhodopsin. The author performed systematic studies to show that the lipid composition and the charge of the hydrophobic head and the structure of hydrophilic tails affect the photocycle pathway of bacteriorhodopsin, which is closely associated with its proton-pumping activity. Furthermore, the author demonstrated a highly efficient method for extracting membrane proteins directly from the biological membrane, preserving protein conformation, function and essential native lipids. This book demonstrates optimization and sample preparation, and presents practical methods of preparing membrane protein-embedded nanodisc samples for biophysical studies, which benefit structural and functional studies in the field of membrane protein characterization, both.

Bacteriorhodopsin. --- Chemistry, Physical organic. --- Cell membranes. --- Biochemistry. --- Physical Chemistry. --- Membrane Biology. --- Protein Structure. --- Biological and Medical Physics, Biophysics. --- Biological chemistry --- Chemical composition of organisms --- Organisms --- Physiological chemistry --- Biology --- Chemistry --- Medical sciences --- Cell surfaces --- Cytoplasmic membranes --- Plasma membranes --- Plasmalemma --- Membranes (Biology) --- Glycocalyces --- Chemistry, Physical organic --- Chemistry, Organic --- Chemistry, Physical and theoretical --- Composition --- Physical chemistry. --- Cell membranes . --- Proteins . --- Biophysics. --- Biological physics. --- Proteids --- Biomolecules --- Polypeptides --- Proteomics --- Chemistry, Theoretical --- Physical chemistry --- Theoretical chemistry --- Biological physics --- Physics

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Made to Measure introduces a general audience to one of today's most exciting areas of scientific research: materials science. Philip Ball describes how scientists are currently inventing thousands of new materials, ranging from synthetic skin, blood, and bone to substances that repair themselves and adapt to their environment, that swell and flex like muscles, that repel any ink or paint, and that capture and store the energy of the Sun. He shows how all this is being accomplished precisely because, for the first time in history, materials are being "made to measure": designed for particular applications, rather than discovered in nature or by haphazard experimentation. Now scientists literally put new materials together on the drawing board in the same way that a blueprint is specified for a house or an electronic circuit. But the designers are working not with skylights and alcoves, not with transistors and capacitors, but with molecules and atoms. This book is written in the same engaging manner as Ball's popular book on chemistry, Designing the Molecular World, and it links insights from chemistry, biology, and physics with those from engineering as it outlines the various areas in which new materials will transform our lives in the twenty-first century. The chapters provide vignettes from a broad range of selected areas of materials science and can be read as separate essays. The subjects include photonic materials, materials for information storage, smart materials, biomaterials, biomedical materials, materials for clean energy, porous materials, diamond and hard materials, new polymers, and surfaces and interfaces.

Materials --- Technological innovations. --- Aerogel. --- Alkyl. --- Amino acid. --- Antiferromagnetism. --- Argon. --- Asperity (materials science). --- Bacteria. --- Bacteriorhodopsin. --- Band gap. --- Bilayer. --- Bioglass. --- Boron nitride. --- Boron. --- Branching (polymer chemistry). --- Carbon. --- Carrier generation and recombination. --- Catalysis. --- Chain reaction. --- Chemical bond. --- Chemical industry. --- Chemical vapor deposition. --- Chemist. --- Chromophore. --- Coercivity. --- Copolymer. --- Crystal structure. --- Crystal. --- Dendrimer. --- Detergent. --- Diode. --- Dopant. --- Electric charge. --- Electric field. --- Electrode. --- Electrolyte. --- Electrorheological fluid. --- Enzyme. --- Extrinsic semiconductor. --- High pressure. --- Hydrocarbon. --- John Bardeen. --- Laser diode. --- Laser. --- Lipid. --- Lithium niobate. --- Magnetization. --- Martensite. --- Materials science. --- Metglas. --- Micrometer. --- Mixture. --- Molecular sieve. --- Molecule. --- Monomer. --- Noble metal. --- Nonlinear optics. --- Nylon. --- Optical fiber. --- Peptide. --- Phospholipid. --- Photon. --- Piezoelectricity. --- Plastic. --- Polyacetylene. --- Polymer. --- Polymerization. --- Polytetrafluoroethylene. --- Population inversion. --- Processing (Chinese materia medica). --- Protein. --- Quantum well. --- Radical (chemistry). --- Refractive index. --- Resonance. --- Scanning tunneling microscope. --- Scleroprotein. --- Semiconductor. --- Silica gel. --- Silicon. --- Smart material. --- Solar cell. --- Solid-phase synthesis. --- Solid-state electronics. --- Substituent. --- Surface energy. --- Surface reconstruction. --- Synthetic diamond. --- Technology. --- There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom. --- Toughness. --- Transistor. --- Tungsten carbide. --- Valence and conduction bands. --- Vibration. --- Waveguide. --- X-ray. --- Zeolite. --- Ziegler–Natta catalyst. --- Zinc oxide. --- Zirconium.