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Tant la régulation des émotions et les événements traumatiques semblent jouer un rôle dans la schizophrénie. Jusqu'à présent, aucune étude n'a exploré les liens existant entre diverses stratégies de régulation émotionnelle et la propension à la psychose, et aucune étude n'a investigué les rôles respectifs des stratégies de régulation des émotions et du trauma dans ce contexte. Méthodologie. Un échantillon de participants non-cliniques (N=122) a complété un ensemble de questionnaires afin d'évaluer la propension à la psychose, l'utilisation préférentielle de plusieurs stratégies de régulation des émotions, l'impact psychologique lié à l'occurrence d'événements de vie traumatiques ainsi que la tendance à éprouver des émotions négatives. Résultat. La suppression expressive apparaissait liée aux symptômes négatifs de la schizotypie alors que les stratégies de regulation émotionnelle non-adaptatives étaient associées à toutes les mesures de propension à la psychose, à l'exception de l'anhédonie sociale. Le score total de trauma corrélait avec toutes les mesures de propension à la psychose, excepté pour l'anhédonie sociale. Des analyses de régression multiple ont indiqué que tant la régulation des émotions tant le trauma constituaient des prédicteurs significatifs dans la propension à la psychose. Discussion. Différents types de stratégies de régulation des émotions semblent jouer un rôle dans divers aspects de la propension à la psychose, indépendamment des événements de vie traumatiques. Ceci suggère de probables points étiologiques quant aux symptômes psychotiques cliniques. Des implications cliniques et de recherches futures sont envisagées.

Etat émotionnel --- Schizophrénie --- Autorégulation --- Séquelle --- Traumatisme

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Etude des représentations et de la mise en place de stratégies de coping chez les étudiants en ce qui concerne leur consommation d'alcool. Analyse des différences selon le sexe et le fait d'être "abuseur" ou "non-abuseur" d'alcool.

ALCOOLISME --- ETUDIANT --- AUTOREGULATION --- ADOLESCENT --- REPRESENTATION MENTALE --- STRATEGIE D'ADAPTATION

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Through the dual-process model (Hofmann et al., 2009) and the incentive-sensitization theory (Robinson & Berridge, 2008), it is argued that self-regulatory and impulsive processes are complementary and that there are important changes in both processes during the addiction development. Our goal was to test the dual-process model to show how alcohol addiction leads to a worsened self-regulation capacity. Hence, we wanted to test if the reflective precursors and the impulsive precursors predict the self-control outcome. The reflective precursors were tested through explicit measures, namely self-regulation questionnaires. The impulsive precursors through an implicit measure, the Implicit Association Test (IAT) assessing the strength of associations between alcohol and their predicted outcome. The self-control outcome was measured by a math exercise, where 3-digit x 3-digit multiplications had to be done. The same experiment was conducted in an at-risk-drinking, a heavy-drinking, as well as a control population. Thus, we wanted to compare the three populations' results and show how restrain standards as well as impulsive processes change during addiction development. Significant IAT effects could be found for the implicit expectancies of relaxation and excitation as well as for positive explicit expectancies through alcohol consumption. This shows that young adults generally manifest more positive implicit associations with alcohol. Regarding group differences in expectancies, no significant difference could be found for self-regulatory capacities, nor for implicit measures, but for explicit measures, with more positive explicit expectancies in the heavy drinkers group. These findings might indicate that implicit and explicit expectancies play different and relevant roles in alcohol use among young adults. In contrast with our initial hypotheses, a higher alcohol consumption, self-regulation and implicit associations could not predict a reduced self-control outcome in our specific population. This research presented several limitations: non-clinical population, specific age, as well as the validity of the self-control measure. Future studies should extend the present results to a clinical population, particularly in longitudinal designs exploring the changes in expectancies and self-control outcomes during the successive addiction stages.

Alcoolisme --- Alcooliques --- Autorégulation --- Sciences sociales & comportementales, psychologie > Traitement & psychologie clinique

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This presentation describes structural and functional properties of the cerebral circulation that are unique to the brain, an organ with high metabolic demands, and the need for tight water and ion homeostasis. Autoregulation is pronounced in the brain, with myogenic, metabolic, and neurogenic mechanisms contributing to maintain relatively constant blood flow during both increases and decreases in pressure. In addition, unlike peripheral organs where the majority of vascular resistance resides in small arteries and arterioles, large extracranial and intracranial arteries contribute significantly to vascular resistance in the brain. The prominent role of large arteries in cerebrovascular resistance helps maintain blood flow and protect downstream vessels during changes in perfusion pressure. The cerebral endothelium is also unique in that its barrier properties are in some way more like epithelium than endothelium in the periphery. The cerebral endothelium, known as the blood-brain barrier, has specialized tight junctions that do not allow ions to pass freely and has very low hydraulic conductivity and transcellular transport. This special configuration modifies Starling's forces in the brain such that ions retained in the vascular lumen oppose water movement due to hydrostatic pressure. Tight water regulation is necessary in the brain because it has limited capacity for expansion within the skull. Increased intracranial pressure due to vasogenic edema can cause severe neurologic complications and death. This chapter will review these special features of the cerebral circulation and how they contribute to the physiology of the brain.

Cerebral circulation. --- Brain --- Cerebrovascular Circulation. --- Blood-vessels. --- Cerebral circulation --- Neurovascular unit --- Blood-brain barrier --- Myogenic --- Autoregulation

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La recherche propose une identification des attributions causales inhérentes au mécanisme de changement épistémologique chez les étudiants universitaires débutants. Cette approche exploratoire qualitative et quantitative indique que les étudiants attribuent leur(s) changement(s) épistémique(s) à quatre dimensions : les contenus théoriques, les méthodes pédagogiques, les démarches ou exemples personnels et le fossé existant entre l'enseignement secondaire et universitaire. De plus, ce mémoire met en évidence l'articulation des croyances épistémologiques en théories ainsi qu'un faible degré de conscientisation des changements s'opérant au sein de leur épistémologie personnelle. Ce travail aborde également les liens existant entre les positionnements épistémologiques et les capacités cognitives et métacognitives des étudiants.

Université --- Elève --- Epistémologie --- Métacognition --- Stratégie cognitive --- Attribution --- Opinion individuelle --- Superstition --- Autorégulation --- Stratégie d'adaptation