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Developing active, selective and energy-efficient heterogeneous catalysts is of paramount importance for the production of high value-added products from energy resources in a more sustainable manner. In this Special Issue of Energies, we provide a showcase of the latest progress in the development of cleaner, more efficient processes for the conversion of these feedstocks into valuable fuels, chemicals and energy. Most of the works collected are focused on the conversion of biomass which clearly reflects the paramount importance that the biorefinery concept will play in the years to come.

Technology: general issues --- biogas --- syngas production --- DRM --- Ni catalyst --- bi-metallic catalyst --- ceria-alumina --- ceria --- glycerol --- methanol --- biodiesel --- red jujube branch --- hydrothermal carbonization --- hydrochar --- energy recovery efficiency --- solid fuel --- toluene --- steam reforming --- GHSV --- S/C ratio --- coke formation --- Mo2C catalysts --- nanostructured carbon materials --- hydrodeoxygenation of guaiacol --- carbothermal hydrogen reduction --- drop-in fuels --- biomass --- bio-oil --- pyrolysis --- spark engine --- gasoline --- levulinic acid --- γ-valerolactone --- hydrogen from water --- Zn: Ni --- sepiolite --- attapulgite --- Ru nanoparticles --- activated carbon --- one-pot hydrolytic hydrogenation --- cellulose conversion --- sorbitol

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This Special Issue focuses on the current state-of-the-art of “Polymer Clay Nano-Composites” for biomedical, anticorrosion, antibacterial, and other applications. Clay–polymer composite nanomaterials represent an emerging area of research. Loading polymers with clay particles essentially enhances the composite strength features. Of particular interest are different nano-assembly methods, such as silane mono and multilayers, polyelectrolyte layer-by-layer assembly, and others. An important development was reached for tubular and fibrous clay nanoparticles, such as halloysite, sepiolite, and imogolite. Polymer clay nanoparticles can be prepared as sheets with 1-nm thickness and width of a few hundred nm (e.g., kaolin and montmorillonite). Fibrous clays significantly reinforce the nano-composites in the assembly with biopolymers and other green polymers, leading to functional hybrid bio nano-composites. The scope of this Special Issue comprehensively includes the synthesis and characterization of polymer clay nano-composites used for several applications, including nano-clay polymer composites and hybrid nano-assemblies.

graphene oxide --- n/a --- polysaccharide --- water resistance --- nanocomposites --- layered silicate --- polyimide --- intercalation --- barrier --- composite --- indentation recovery --- ionic network --- organically modified clays --- nanotechnology --- 2-polybutadiene --- doxorubicin --- sericite --- adsorption --- morphology --- phenyltrimethylammonium chloride --- supercritical CO2 --- blowing agent --- halloysite nanotubes --- mechanical properties --- glycerol --- ammonium persulfate --- TGA --- 1 --- interfacial interactions --- carbon fibers --- nanocomposite materials --- silica sol --- N?-methylenebisacrylamide --- intercalation stability --- polymer composites --- clay–polymer nanocomposites --- in-situ intercalation --- attapulgite/polypyrrole nanocomposite --- fish gelatin --- polyacrylic acid --- fuzzy optimization --- AFM --- variable cost --- organic montmorillonite --- positron annihilation --- whey protein isolate --- interface --- CTAB --- N --- hyaluronic acid --- swelling capacity --- water shutoff --- montmorillonite --- sol–gel transition --- in situ polymerization --- hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide --- clay-amine interaction mechanisms --- gelation kinetics --- FTIR --- surface grafting --- Pareto set --- la uptake and release --- polyamines --- polystyrene foam --- CD44 receptor targeted --- tribological property --- polyethylene oxide --- structure effects --- catalytic composite --- polystyrene --- nanoclay --- thermal stability --- sacrificial bond --- Pd catalysis --- radical polymerization --- dental resins --- reinforcing --- montmorillonite clays --- coatings --- atrazine --- cellulose nanofibrils --- soap-free emulsion polymerization --- LAP --- doubly functionalized montmorillonite --- dispersion --- organo-clays --- clay-polymer nanocomposites --- sol-gel transition